List of Eurasian nuthatch subspecies

S. e. caesia (United Kingdom), part of the S. e. caesia group of subspecies

S. e. europaea (Sweden), part of the S. e. europaea group

The Eurasian nuthatch (Sitta europaea) is a small passerine bird found throughout temperate Asia and in Europe. There are more than 20 subspecies, but the precise number depends on how small differences between populations are evaluated. This article follows the 2013 Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive treatment, which has more recognised forms than the 1996 Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. Given the similarities between geographical forms of the Eurasian nuthatch, subspecies boundaries are somewhat fluid, although less than half as many are recognised now as in 1967.^[1]

The Eurasian nuthatch taxa can be divided into three main groups; the S. e. caesia group of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, the S. e. europaea group of Scandinavia, Russia, Japan and northern China and the S. e. sinensis group of southern and eastern China and Taiwan. These may have been geographically isolated from each other until relatively recently. Birds of intermediate appearance occur where the group ranges overlap. The descriptions below are of the male. The female is usually slightly duller with a brown tint to the eyestripe and paler underparts, although the sexes are very similar in the S. e. sinensis group.^[2][3]

S. e. caesia group

The S. e. caesia group is found in much of Europe, as well as North Africa and the Middle East. Members of the subspecies group have buff breast and a white throat.

Subspecies listed geographically[3]
Subspecies	Authority	Range	Description
S. e. caesia	Wolf, 1810[4]	Much of western Europe south to northern Spain, the Alps, Greece and western Turkey, north to Denmark, and east to the western regions of Poland, Romania and Bulgaria.	Upperparts blue-grey, black eye-stripe, white throat. Rest of underparts orange-buff, becoming brick-red at rear and on flanks. White markings on undertail.
S. e. hispaniensis	Witherby, 1913[5]	Central and southern Spain, Portugal and northern Morocco	Like S. e. caesia, but underparts paler pink-buff
S. e. cisalpina	Sachtleben, 1919[6]	Southernmost Switzerland, Italy including Sicily, southern Croatia and southwest Montenegro	Like S. e. caesia, but underparts brighter and more orange-tinted, bill shorter and more pointed
S. e. levantina	Hartert, 1905[7]	Southern Turkey	Like S. e. hispaniensis but underparts more pink and less buff, pale flanks, slightly paler grey upperparts
S. e. persica	Witherby, 1903[8]	Southeast Turkey, northern Iraq and western Iran	Small, paler grey upperparts, white forehead and supercilium, creamy underparts, bill short and thin
S. e. caucasica	Reichenow, 1901[9]	Northeast Turkey, southwest Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan	Small, dark grey upperparts, forehead often whitish, underparts bright orange-buff
S. e. rubiginosa	Tschusi & Zarudny, 1905[10]	South Caucasus and northern Iran	Like S. e. caucasica but upperparts darker, underparts paler, usually lacks white forehead

S. e. europaea group

The S. e. europaea group is found in Scandinavia and Russia, through to Japan and northern China. Members of the group have a white breast.

Subspecies listed geographically[3][lower-alpha 1]
Subspecies	Authority	Range	Description
S. e. europaea	Linnaeus, 1758[11]	Southern Scandinavia and the Baltic islands, western Russia, eastern Poland, Romania and Bulgaria, northwest Turkey and Ukraine	The nominate subspecies. Upperparts blue-grey, black eye-stripe. Throat and underparts off-white or creamy, rusty red flanks and rear
S. e. asiatica	Gould, 1837[12]	Central Russia west to Lake Baikal, north Kazakhstan and west Mongolia	As nominate, but smaller. Shorter and more pointed bill, white forehead and supercilium
S. e. arctica	Buturlin, 1907[13]	Northeast Siberia.	Large with a narrowe and shorter black eye-stripe than any other form, little white on the forehead or supercilium. Breast and centre of underparts white, flanks extensively chestnut
S. e. baicalensis	Taczanowski, 1882[14]	Siberia east from Lake Baikal, central Mongolia and northeast China	Larger than S. e. asiatica, with a longer bill and darker upperparts, little white on forehead and supercilium
S. e. sakhalinensis	Buturlin, 1916[15]	Sakhalin Island	Much smaller than S. e. baicalensis with slightly paler upperparts and a white forehead. Short bill
S. e. clara	Stejneger, 1887[16]	Southern Kurils and Hokkaido (Japan)	Larger than S. e. asiatica, relatively pale upperparts, paler more obvious white forehead and supercilium
S. e. takatsukasai	Momiyama, 1931[17]	Central Kuril Islands	Largest bill of all the subspecies. Pure white belly, greyer upperparts, upperparts similarly pale but not so bluish, strong white forehead and supercilium
S. e. albifrons	Taczanowski, 1882[14]	Northeast Russia and the northern Kuril Islands	Large with heavy bill, dark upperparts, buff tint to belly
S. e. amurensis	Swinhoe, 1871[18]	Outer Manchuria, Primorsky Krai (Russia), northeast China and Korea	Large with massive bill, upperparts darker than S. e. baicalensis, little white, if any, on white of forehead or supercilium
S. e. hondoensis	Buturlin, 1916[15]	Honshu, Shikoku and northern Kyushu (Japan)	Similar to S. e. amurensis, but upperparts slightly paler and bluer, prominent white forehead and supercilium, bill slightly smaller
S. e. roseillia	Bonaparte, 1850[19]	Southern Kyushu	Similar to S. e. amurensis, but upperparts darker, lower breast and belly more rufous-tinged
S. e. bedfordi	Ogilvie-Grant, 1909[20]	Cheju Island, South Korea	Similar to S. e. roseillia, but throat and breast whiter and belly darker orange-buff
S. e. seorsa	Portenko, 1955[21]	Northwest China	Like S. e. asiatica but slightly larger, white of forehead and supercilium more prominent and belly pale buff

S. e. sinensis group

Subspecies in the S. e. sinensis group are found in south and east China, as well as Taiwan. They have a buff breast and throat.

Subspecies listed geographically[3][lower-alpha 2]
Subspecies	Authority	Range	Description
S. e. sinensis	Verreaux, 1870[22]	South and east China	Throat and underparts pale buff, brighter on sides, rear flanks brick-red
S. e. formosana	Buturlin, 1911[23]	Taiwan	Like S. e. sinensis but smaller with longer bill, pale upperparts and whitish forehead

Notes

1. Harrap and Quinn lump S. e. baicalensis, S. e. takatsukasai, S. e. clara and S. e. hondoensis into S. e. asiaticus
2. Harrap and Quinn lump S. e. formosana into S. e. sinensis

References

1. Greenway, James C; Mayr, Ernst; Moreau, Reginald E; Rand, Austin L; Salomonsen, Finn; Snow, David (1967). Check-list of Birds of the World: A Continuation the Work of James L. Peters XII. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 126–128.
2. Harrap, Simon; Quinn, David (1996). Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 109–114. ISBN 0-7136-3964-4.
3. Hoyo, Josep del; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A (eds.). "Eurasian Nuthatch". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 10 March 2014. (subscription required)
4. Meyer, Bernhard; Wolf, Johann, eds. (1810). Taschenbuch der deutschen Vögelkunde, oder, Kurze Beschreibung aller Vögel Deutschlands, Erster Theil (in German). Frankfurt: Verlegt von Friedrich Wilmans. p. 128.
5. Witherby, Harry Forbes (1913). "Amended name, Sitta europcea hispaniensis, for S. minor Brehm". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 31: 78.
6. Sachtleben, H. (1919). "Sitta europaea cisalpina subsp. n.". Anzeiger der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern (in German) 1: 7–8.
7. Hartert, Ernst (1903). Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna systematische Übersicht der in Europa, Nord-Asien und der Mittelmeerregion vorkommenden Vögel (in German) 3. Berlin: R. Friedländer & Sohn. p. 333.
8. Witherby, Harry Forbes (1903). "Journey in Fars, S.W. Persia". Ibis. Series 8 3: 531. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1903.tb03955.x.
9. Reichenow, Anton (1901). "Sitta caesia caucasica Rchw. n. sp.". Ornithologische Monatsberichte (in German) 9: 53.
10. Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, Viktor von; Zarudny, Nikolai (1905). "Über palaearktische Formen. (IX.)" (PDF). Ornithologisches Jahrbuch (in German) 16: 140.
11. Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 115.
12. Gould, John (1837). The birds of Europe 3. London: John Gould. p. 236.
13. Buturlin, Sergei Aleksandrovich (1907). "Sitta europaea arctica". Псовая и ружейная охота (Hounds and Hunting Rifle) (in Russian) 13: 87.
14. Taczanowski, Władysław (1882). "Oiseaux recueillis par le Dr Dybowski au Kamtschatka". Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France (in French) 7: 385.
15. Buturlin, Sergei Aleksandrovich (1916). "Труды Императорского Петроградского общества естествоиспытателей (A short Review of Nuthatches (Fam. Sittidae)". Императорское Петроградское общества естествоиспытателей (Imperial Naturalist Society of Petrograd) (in Russian) 44: 158, 170.
16. Stejneger, Leonhard Hess (1886). "Review of Japanese Birds: Part II Tits and Nuthatches" (PDF). Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 9: 392. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.9-578.374.
17. Momiyama, Tokutaro T. (1931). "The Sittidae or family of nuthatches". Kaidori (in Japanese) 2 (8): 20.
18. Robert, Swinhoe (1871). "Mr. R. Swinhoe on the birds of China". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1871 (2): 350.
19. Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1850). Conspectus generum avium (in Latin) 1. Lugduni Batavorum [Leyden]: E. J. Brill. p. 227.
20. Ogilvie-Grant, William Robert (1909). "Sitta bedfordi, sp. n.". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 23: 59.
21. Portenko, Leonid Aleksandrovich (1955). "[Detailed descriptions of new passerine birds]". Зоологический институт академии наук СССР (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of USSR) (in Russian) 18: 497.
22. Verreaux, Jules (1870). "Notes sur les espèces nouvelles d'oiseux recuillis par M. Abbé Armand David dans les montagnes de Thibet Chinois". Nouvelles archives du Muséum d'histoire naturelle (in French) 6: 34.
23. Buturlin, Sergei Aleksandrovich (1911). "Интересные находки (Interesting findings)". Наша Охота (Our Hunt) (in Russian) 8: 51.