List of aircraft carrier classes of the United States Navy

On November 14, 1910, pilot Eugene Burton Ely took off in a Curtiss plane from the bow of Birmingham and later landed a Curtiss Model D on Pennsylvania on 18 January 1911. In fiscal year (FY) 1920, Congress approved a conversion of collier Jupiter into a ship designed for launching and recovering of airplanes at sea—the first aircraft carrier of the United States Navy. More aircraft carriers were approved and built, including the Ranger, the first class of aircraft carriers in the United States Navy designed and built as aircraft carriers from the keel.

The United States declared war on Japan following the attack of 7 December 1941 on Pearl Harbor. The two nations revolutionized naval warfare in the course of the next four years; several of the most important sea battles were fought without either fleet coming within sight of the other. Most of the fleet carriers were built according to prewar designs,[1] but the demand for air protection was so intense that two new classes were developed: light carriers (designated CVL), built on modified cruiser hulls, and escort carriers (CVE), whose main function was to protect Atlantic convoys from German U-boats.

During the postwar period, carrier technology made many advances. The angled flight deck was adopted in 1955. The first "supercarrier" was commissioned in 1955 (although an earlier plan had been canceled by the Secretary of Defense), and the first nuclear-powered carrier in 1961, all during the Cold War. Also, a record for crossing the Pacific Ocean was set by a U.S. Navy carrier during the Korean War. Carriers recovered spacecraft after splashdown, including the Mercury-Redstone 3 and Apollo 11 missions.

A new class, the Gerald R. Ford class, is planned for 2015. In 2007, the last conventionally powered (non-nuclear) carrier was decommissioned.

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Pre–World War II

On November 14, 1910, a 24‑year‑old civilian pilot, Eugene Burton Ely, took off in a 50 horsepower Curtiss plane from a wooden platform built over the bow of the cruiser Birmingham; later, on January 18, 1911, Ely landed a Curtiss Model D on a platform aboard Pennsylvania.[2] The Naval Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1920 provided funds for the conversion of Jupiter into a ship designed for the launching and recovery of airplanes at sea—the United States Navy's first aircraft carrier.[2] Renamed Langley, she was commissioned in 1922. Commander Kenneth Whiting was placed in command.[2] In 1924, Langley reported for duty with the Battle Fleet, ending two years as an experimental ship.[2]

In 1922, Congress also authorized the conversion of the unfinished battlecruisers Lexington and the Saratoga as permitted under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, signed in February 1922.[2] The keel of Ranger, the first American ship designed and constructed as an aircraft carrier, was laid down in 1931, and the ship was commissioned in 1934.[2]

Following Ranger and before the entry of the United States into World War II, four more carriers were commissioned. Wasp was essentially an improved version of Ranger. The others were the three ships of the Yorktown class.

Designation Class Ships Active Description Lead Ship
CV-1[3] Langley[3]
1[3]
 1922 – 1936[3] Converted from USS Jupiter.[2] Experimental ship, served 1925–36 as an aircraft carrier before being converted to a seaplane tender and given the new hull symbol AV-3.[2]
CV-2[4] Lexington[4]
2[4]
 1927 – 1946[4] The ships were laid down and partly built as part of a six-member battlecruiser class before being converted to carriers while under construction.[4]
CV-4[5] Ranger[5]
1[5]
 1934 – 1946[5] First purpose-built US Navy aircraft carrier.[5]
CV-5[6] Yorktown[6]
3[6]
 1937 – 1947[6][7] Hornet was built after Wasp.[6] By the end of September 1942, both Yorktown and Hornet were on the bottom of the Pacific; USS Enterprise, the orphaned sister of the class, became a symbol of the Pacific War.[6]
CV-7[6] Wasp[6]
1[6]
 1940 – 1942[6] Modified Yorktown class, built on 3,000 less tons to use up allotted tonnage under the Washington Naval Treaty.[6]

World War II

The Imperial Japanese Navy struck Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, but none of the Pacific Fleet's aircraft carriers were in the harbor.[8] Because a large fraction of the navy's battleship fleet was put out of commission by the attack, the undamaged aircraft carriers were forced to become the load-bearers of the early part of the war. The first aircraft carrier offensive of the U.S. Navy came on 1 February 1942, when the carriers Enterprise and Yorktown, attacked the Japanese bases in the Marshall and Gilbert Islands.[8] The Battle of the Coral Sea became the first sea battle in history in which neither opposing fleet saw the other. The Battle of Midway started as a Japanese offensive on Midway Atoll met by an outnumbered U.S. carrier force, and resulted in a U.S. victory.[8] The Battle of Midway was the turning point in the Pacific War.[8]

In 1943, new designations for carriers were established, limiting the CV designation to the USS Saratoga, the USS Enterprise, and the Essex class.[9] The new designations were CVB (Aircraft carrier, large) for the 45,000 long tons (46,000 t) carriers being built, and CVL (Aircraft carriers, small) for the 10,000 long tons (10,000 t) class built on light cruiser hulls.[9] The same directive reclassified escort carriers as combatant ships, and changed their symbol from ACV to CVE.[9] By the end of the war, the Navy had access to around 100 carriers of varying sizes.

On September 2, 1945, Japan signed the surrender agreement aboard the USS Missouri, ending World War II.[10]

Designation Class Ships Active Description Lead Ship
CV-9[11] Essex[11]
24[11]
 1942 – 1991[11] This class constituted the Twentieth Century's largest class of heavy warships, with 24 ships built.[12] 32 ships were originally ordered, but some were cancelled.[11] (13 ships of the CV-14 Ticonderoga class are considered either a separate class or a "Long hull" group of the Essex class; and another ship is considered a one ship class, depending on source).[13]
CVL-22 Independence[14]
9[14]
 1943 – 1970[14][15] This class was a result of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's interest in Navy shipbuilding plans.[14] In August 1941, with war looming, he noted that no new fleet aircraft carriers were expected before 1944 and proposed to quickly convert some of the many cruisers then building.[14]

Training ships

During World War II, the United States Navy purchased two Great Lakes side-wheel paddle steamers and converted them into freshwater aircraft carrier training ships. Both vessels were designated with the hull classification symbol IX and lacked hangar decks, elevators or armaments. The role of these ships was for the training of pilots for carrier take-offs and landings.[16] Together the Sable and Wolverine trained 17,820 pilots in 116,000 carrier landings with 51,000 landings on Sable alone.[17]

Designation Class Ships Active Description Lead Ship
IX-64 Wolverine 1 1942–1945 Former Great Lakes paddle steamer Seeandbee converted for aircraft takeoff and landing training
IX-81 Sable 1 1943–1945 Former Great Lakes paddle steamer Greater Buffalo converted for aircraft takeoff and landing training

Cold War

Aircraft carrier technology underwent many changes during the Cold War. The first of the 45000 ton carriers, the USS Midway was commissioned eight days after the end of World War II, on September 10.[18] A larger ship was planned, and in 1948, President Harry Truman approved the construction of a "supercarrier", a 65000 ton aircraft carrier to be named USS United States; however, the project was canceled in April 1949 by the Secretary of Defense.[18] The Navy's first supercarriers came later, in 1955, with the Forrestal class.[19] 1953 saw the first test of an angled-deck carrier, the USS Antietam.[20]

The "N" suffix was added to the designation system to represent nuclear powered carriers in 1956.[20] The first carrier to receive this suffix was the USS Enterprise, commissioned in 1961.[21] The last conventionally powered carrier, USS John F. Kennedy, was commissioned in 1968 and was decommissioned in 2007.[22]

The Korean War began June 25, 1950, and the need for planes and troops was urgent.[20] Returning from Korea, the USS Boxer made a record trip across the Pacific—7 days, 10 hours, and 36 minutes.[20] In 1952, all carriers with designations "CV" or "CVB" were reclassified as attack carriers and given the sign "CVA".[20]

As the Mercury-Redstone 3 mission ended, the USS Lake Champlain recovered Commander Alan B. Shepard, the first American in space, on May 5, 1961.[23] Another aircraft carrier, the USS Hornet, recovered the Apollo 11 astronauts after their splashdown.[24] Apollo 11 was the first manned landing on the moon, and was composed of astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins.[25]

In 1975, the first Nimitz was commissioned; the Nimitz class are the largest warships in the world; and is the only aircraft carrier class in commission with the U.S. Navy (except for the USS Enterprise, which, though still technically in commission as of August 2013, is currently being dismantled).[26] Construction and commissioning of the Nimitz class continued after the Cold War.[27]

Also, in 1975, the U.S. Navy simplified the carrier designations—CV, CVA, CVAN, CVB, CVL—into CV for conventionally powered carriers and CVN for nuclear-powered carriers.[28]

Designation Class Ships Active Description Lead Ship
CV-41[29] Midway[29]
3[29]
 1945 – 1992[29] This class was one of the longest lived carrier designs in history. First commissioned in late 1945, the lead ship of the class, USS Midway was not decommissioned until 1992, shortly after seeing service in the Gulf War.[29] Six were planned; 3 were built including the USS Coral Sea (CV-43) and USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CV-42).[29] The class was originally designated CVB.[29]
CVL-48[30] Saipan[30]
2[30]
 1946 – 1970[30][31] Built on modified Baltimore-class cruiser hulls.[30] Both were converted to command-and-control ships in the mid-1950s: Saipan to USS Arlington (AGMR-2), Wright to CC-2.[30]
CVA-58[32] United States[32]
1 keel[32]
 None commissioned[32] This class was never commissioned (3 more were planned).[32] See Revolt of the Admirals for details.[32]
CV-59[19] Forrestal[19]
4[19]
 1955 – 1998[19] The Forrestal class was the first class of "supercarriers" of the Navy, so called because of their then-extraordinarily high tonnage (75,000 tons, 25% larger than the Midway class), and full integration of the angled deck.[19][29]
CV-63[33] Kitty Hawk[33]
3[33]
 1961 – 2009[34] Sometimes called "Improved Forrestal class".[35] Sometimes mistaken as a four-ship class, with USS John F. Kennedy (see below) as a member.[36] The biggest differences from the Forrestals are greater length, and a different placement of starboard elevators; two are forward of the island, with a third at the portside stern.[36] This class includes the USS America (CV-66).
CVN-65[21] Enterprise[21]
1[26]
 1961 [37] – 2012 First nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, using eight A2W reactors.[38] Enlarged, modified, and nuclear-powered Kitty Hawk-class design.[38] Six ships of this class were planned, only the lead ship was constructed. The Enterprise had been in active operational service for 51 years, longer than any combatant ship in American history.
CV-67[39] John F. Kennedy[39]
1[39]
 1968 – 2007[39][40] Last conventionally powered aircraft carrier built (as of 2013).[22] Sometimes grouped as a Kitty Hawk-class ship.[22] Laid down as a nuclear ship to use four A3W reactors, converted to conventional propulsion early in construction.[41]
CVN-68[26] Nimitz[26]
10[26][27]
 1975 – Present[26] A line of nuclear-powered supercarriers in service with the US Navy using two A4W reactors, and the largest capital ships in the world.[26][42] The Nimitz class are numbered with consecutive hull numbers starting with CVN-68.[26] Ten ships are in the class as of 2009.[26][27]

After the Cold War

When the Cold War ended in 1991, the U.S. Navy had conventionally powered carriers from the Midway, Forrestal, and Kitty Hawk classes active, along with the USS John F. Kennedy; and the nuclear Nimitz class class and the USS Enterprise; however, all of the conventional carriers have been decommissioned.[19][26][29][34][37][39] Construction of the Nimitz-class continued after the Cold War, and the last Nimitz-class carrier, USS George H.W. Bush, was commissioned in 2009.[27]

The next class of supercarriers—the Gerald R. Ford class—is planned to launch the first ship in 2015.[43] The new carriers will be stealthier, and feature A1B reactors, electromagnetic catapults, advanced arresting gear, reduced crew requirements, and a hull design based upon that of the Nimitz class.[43][44][45] Ten carriers are planned for the Gerald R. Ford class.[43]

Designation Class Ships Active Description Lead Ship
CVN-78[43] Gerald R. Ford[43]
10 planned[43]
 (2015 planned)[43] The next generation supercarrier for the United States Navy.[43] Carriers of the Gerald R. Ford-class will incorporate many new design features including a new nuclear reactor design, stealthier features to help reduce radar profile, electromagnetic catapults, advanced arresting gear, and reduced crewing requirements.[43][44][45] The Ford class uses the basic hull design of the preceding Nimitz class.[43] Ten ships are currently planned for the Gerald R. Ford class.[43]

Escort Carriers

During World War II, the U.S. Navy built escort carriers in large numbers for patrol work, and scouting and escorting convoys.[46] Escort carriers, based on merchant ship hulls, were smaller than aircraft carriers; escort carrier crews referred to the ships as "Jeep carriers", the press called them "baby flat tops".[46] The escort carriers had lighter armor than aircraft carriers, were slower, had less defensive armament, and fewer aircraft.[46] This smaller variant of carriers was designated "CVE"; a common joke amongst crews was "CVE" meant "Combustible, Vulnerable and Expendable".[46]

Early in the war, German submarines and aircraft were interfering with shipping.[46] The worst losses occurred far at sea—out of the reach of land-based air forces—leading the Royal Navy to experiment with catapult-launching fighter aircraft from merchant ships, a somewhat successful approach.[46] However, the number of planes was still limited, so the United Kingdom appealed to the United States for help.[46]

Before World War II started, the U.S. Navy had contemplated converting merchant ships to small aircraft carriers for this purpose, so the quick solution was to build escort carriers on merchant ship hulls.[46] The first escort carrier, the USS Long Island, was converted from a freighter.[46] A shortage of merchant ship hulls caused four escort carriers—USS Sangamon, USS Suwanee, USS Chenango, and USS Santee—to be built on oil tanker hulls.[46] In total, 78 escort carriers were built and launched from June 1941 to April 1945.[46]

Designation Class Ships Description Lead Ship
CVE-1[47] Long Island[47] 2[47] 1 in USN service (Long Island), and HMS Archer.[47]
CVE-9[48] Bogue[48] 45[48] 11 in Royal Navy service, rest in U.S. Navy.[48] British service as the Attacker class (first batch) and Ruler class (second batch).[48]
CVE-26[49] Sangamon[49] 4[49] All in USN service. Built on oil tanker hulls rather than merchant ship hulls.[46][49]
CVE-30 Charger[48] 4[48] 1 (USS Charger) mainly in USN service, 3 in British service as the Avenger class.[48]
CVE-55[49] Casablanca[49] 50[49] All in USN service.[49]
CVE-105[49] Commencement Bay[49] 19[49] All in USN service.[49] Includes two units which were accepted but not commissioned and laid up for many years after the war.[49]

See also

References

  1. ↑ The first fleet carrier to follow the Essex class, USS Midway, was not commissioned in time to participate in the war.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers Part I — The Early Years". The US Navy Aircraft Carriers. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Langley". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "CV-2 Lexington Class". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "U.S. Navy - A Brief History of Aircraft Carriers - USS Ranger (CV-4)". A Brief History of Aircraft Carriers. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "USN Ship Types--Ranger, Yorktown & Wasp class aircraft carriers (CVL)". USN Ship Types. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  7. ↑ "USN Ships--USS Enterprise (CV-6)". USN Ships. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers Part IIa — The War Years (1941-1942)". Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  9. 1 2 3 "A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers Part IIb — The War Years (1943)". Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  10. ↑ "A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers Part IIc — The War Years (1944-1945)". Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "CV-9 ESSEX Class". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  12. ↑ "Essex Class". Top Ten Warships: Military Channel. Discovery Communications, LLC. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  13. ↑ "Wss small aircraft carriers (CVL)". USN Ship Types. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "USN Ship Types -- Independence class small aircraft carriers (CVL)". USN Ship Types. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  15. ↑ "San Jacinto". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  16. ↑ "IX-64 Wolverine". Global Securtiy.org. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  17. ↑ "The Greater Buffalo & The U.S.S. Sable". WNY Heritage Press. 2005. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  18. 1 2 "A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers Part III — Post War (1945-1949)". A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "CV-59 FORRESTAL class". fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers Part IV — Korea and the 1950s". A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  21. 1 2 3 "USS Enterprise - Home". navy.mil. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  22. 1 2 3 "USS John F. Kennedy (CV 67)". navysite.de. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  23. ↑ "A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers Part V - Space and Vietnam". A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  24. ↑ "Danville man documents Apollo 11 splashdown". Danville Weekly. Embarcadero Publishing Company. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  25. ↑ "Apollo 11 Crew". The Apollo Program. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "The US Navy -- Fact File". United States Navy Fact File. Department of the Navy. 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  27. 1 2 3 4 "Aircraft Carrier Named the USS George H.W. Bush Commissioned". FOXNews.com (FOX News Network, LLC). 2009-01-10. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  28. ↑ Swanson, Molly (2005-05-01). "Aircraft Carrier Designations". Aerospaceweb.org. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "CV-41 MIDWAY class". fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Saipan class small aircraft carriers". USN Ship Types. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  31. ↑ "CV-48 Saipan". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "CVA 58 United States". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  33. 1 2 3 "CV 63 Kitty Hawk". fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  34. 1 2 "Navy Decommissions USS Kitty Hawk". navy.mil. Department of the Navy. 2009-05-12. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  35. ↑ "Improved Forrestal Class Nuclear-Powered Aircraft Carrier". Military-Today.com. ARG. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  36. 1 2 "CV 63 Kitty Hawk". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  37. 1 2 "CVN-65 Enterprise". fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  38. 1 2 "USS Enterprise Nuclear-Powered Aircraft Carrier". Military-Today.com. ARG. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 "CV-67 John F. Kennedy". fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  40. ↑ ""Big John" Decommissioned After 38 Years of Service". navy.mil. Department of the Navy. 2007-03-24. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  41. ↑ "CV67 - USS John F. Kennedy". tech.military.com. monster. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  42. ↑ "CVN-68 Nimitz-class - Specifications". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "CVN 78 Gerald R Ford Class – US Navy CVN 21 Future Carrier Programme". naval-technology.com. SPG Media Group Ltd. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  44. 1 2 "CVN 78". nn.northropgrumman.com. Northrop Grumman Newport News. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  45. 1 2 "CVN-X Next Generation Aircraft Carrier". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Germinsky, CE1 Robert A. "A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers The Escort Carriers". A Brief History of U.S. Navy Aircraft Carriers. Department of the Navy. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  47. 1 2 3 4 Fahey, James C (1945). The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet. United States Naval Institute (Victory ed.). 1265 Broadway, NY 1, NY: Ships and Aircraft.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Toppan, Andrew. "World Aircraft Carriers List: US Escort Carriers, C3 Hulls". hazegray.org. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Escort Carriers". ww2pacific.com. 2006-04-29. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

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