Christianity in Omaha, Nebraska
Christianity in Omaha, Nebraska has been integral to the growth and development of the city since its founding in 1854.[1] In addition to providing Christian religious and social leadership, individually and collectively the city's churches have also led a variety of political campaigns throughout the city's history.
History
The first sermon in Omaha was preached in 1854 by Peter Cooper, an English Methodist who operated a quarry in the city.[2] Almost all of the sixteen attendees lived in neighboring Council Bluffs. Within six months the city had a regular Methodist circuit rider who conducted services at the territorial capitol.
The Omaha Claim Club donated two lots for the congregation to build a church, and soon after Baptists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Episcopalians and Roman Catholics followed. Catholics dedicated St. Philomena's Cathedral in 1856, and the entire Creighton family, including Edward, his wife Mary, and his brother John greatly supported the Catholic Church. Pioneer banker Augustus Kountze called for and financially supported the founding of the first Lutheran church west of the Missouri River, which was then called Immanuel Lutheran Church and was located downtown. It was renamed after Kountze's father in the 1880s.
Episcopalians counted a great deal of political leaders in their ranks through the 1900s.[3] St. John's African Methodist Episcopal Church, organized in 1867, was the first church for African Americans in Nebraska.[4]
Edward and Lizzie Robinson founded the first Church of God in Christ congregation in Nebraska in North Omaha in 1916.[5] The distinguished United Methodist Bishop John Louis Nuelsen was assigned to the Omaha Episcopal Area from 1908 through 1912. The Notre Dame Academy and Convent located in the Florence neighborhood was closely affiliated with the Czech community of Omaha from its founding in the 1920s through its closure in the 1970s.[6]
In 1936 a federally funded survey on religion found that Protestants were the largest religious body in the city, with Lutherans the largest denomination. Roman Catholics from throughout Europe had formed churches throughout South Omaha, including Latvian, Polish, German and Czech congregations.[7] In 1953, Hanscom Park United Methodist Church gained national attention when the pastor formed a psychiatric support group for Methodist ministers.[8] St. Cecilia Cathedral, the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha, is notable for the Spanish Renaissance Revival style design employed during the 54 years it took to build it in the city's Gold Coast Historic District. A 1966 documentary about a church in Omaha called A Time for Burning was nominated for an Academy Award. In 2005 the film was named by the Library of Congress as one of 25 films to be included in the National Film Registry.
Architecture
Several churches in Omaha feature notable architecture. Eleven of the city's churches have been designed as Omaha Landmarks or listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Calvin Memorial Presbyterian Church has been noted as, "architecturally significant to Omaha as a fine example of the Neo-Classical Revival Style of architecture."[9] Holy Family Catholic Church is the oldest existing Catholic Church in Omaha.[10] Zion Baptist Church, an early Black church in the city's Near North Side neighborhood, is housed in a building that was designed by noted master architect Clarence W. Wigington.
Present
Churches in Omaha have continued to influence the city in a variety of ways. In the 1960s and 70s Holy Family Catholic Church was regarded as a center of progressive activism. David Rice, of the notorious Rice/Poindexter Case, was a guitar player at the church in the early 1970s. Former United Methodist minister and district superintendent Lowen Kruse as a Nebraska state senator since 2001. In 2007 a group of socially conservative churches protested a proposed speech by author Anne Lamott at the Jesuit Catholic Creighton University. This political pressure caused the University to cancel the popular Presbyterian author's appearance. A coalition of progressive Protestant churches re-invited Lamott to the city and she delivered her talk at the Holland Performing Arts Center instead of Creighton. Lamott was so impressed with this action that she waived all speaking fees. Other churches in the city have been active in Nebraskans for Peace and Habitat for Humanity, which was housed at Pearl Memorial United Methodist Church for several years. Kenneth Vavrina, the priest of St. Richard's Catholic Church, has been an outspoken advocate to calm racial tension in Omaha.[11]
Churches in Omaha
The following is a list of active congregations in Omaha.
- This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Name | Address | Denomination | Neighborhood |
---|---|---|---|
Allen Chapel | 2842 Monroe Street | African Methodist Episcopal | |
St. John's | 2402 North 22nd Street | African Methodist Episcopal | |
Holy Cross | 7545 Main Street | Anglican | |
Apostolic Oblates | 6762 Western Avenue | Apostolic | |
Bethlehem | 6910 Maple Street | Apostolic | |
Grace | 2216 Military Ave | Apostolic | |
New Hope | 6124 North 99th Street | Apostolic | |
Freedom | 4224 N 24th Street | Assembly of God | |
Glad Tidings | 7415 Hickory St | Assembly of God | |
Flatland | 4801 N 144th St | Assembly of God | |
Hope Community | 1430 S 14th St | Assembly of God | |
New Creation Community | 4801 N. 144th Street | Assembly of God | West - Millard |
Omaha Christian Center | 4215 N 92 Ave | Assembly of God | |
Omaha Korean Assembly | 5603 Fay Boulevard | Assembly of God | |
Pacific Springs | 17515 Pacific Street | Assembly of God | |
Royal | 2864 State St | Assembly of God | North - Florence |
Spirit Life (formerly South Side) | 4815 Harrison Street | Assembly of God | |
Templo Canaan Asambleas DeDios | 5223 S 20th St | Assembly of God | |
Community | 8019 N 31st Street | Baptist | |
Cross Road | 6068 Ames Avenue | Baptist | |
Good Shepherd | 16909 Pacific Street | Baptist | |
Karen Street | 6109 Karen Street | Baptist | |
Marshall Drive | 4845 Marshall Drive | Baptist | |
Midwestern | 1025 North 72nd Street | Baptist | |
Salem | 3131 Lake Street | Baptist | |
Westwood Heights | 3343 Pedersen Drive | Baptist | |
Mount Nebo Missionary Baptist Church | 5501 North 50th Street | Baptist | |
Verdad Y Vida | 6404 Maple St Suite 1 | Pseudo (cult) | Benson |
Assumption | 5434 South 22nd Street | Catholic | |
Assumption of the B.V.M. | 2301 South 16th. Street | Catholic - Ukrainian | |
Blessed Sacrament | 3020 Curtis Street | Catholic | |
Christ the King | 654 South 86th. Street | Catholic | |
College of Saint Mary | 1901 South 72nd Street | Catholic | |
Holy Cross | 4803 William Street | Catholic | |
Holy Family | 1715 Izard Street | Catholic | |
Holy Ghost | 5219 South 53rd Street | Catholic | |
Holy Name | 3014 North 45th. Street | Catholic | |
Immaculate Conception | 2708 South 24th. Street | Catholic | |
Mary Our Queen | 3405 South 118th. Street | Catholic | |
Mother of Perpetual Help | 5215 Seward Street | Catholic | |
Our Lady of Guadalupe | 23rd and O Streets | Catholic | |
Our Lady of Lourdes | 2110 South 32nd. Avenue | Catholic | |
Sacred Heart | 2218 Binney Street | Catholic | |
Saint Pius the Tenth | 6905 Blondo Street | Catholic | |
Saints Peter and Paul | 5912 South 36th Street | Catholic | |
St. Adalbert | 2617 South 31st Street | Catholic | |
St. Agnes | 2215 Q Street | Catholic | |
St. Ann | 2247 Poppleton Avenue | Catholic | |
St. Anthony | 5402 South 32nd Street | Catholic | |
St. Benedict the Moor | 2423 Grant Street | Catholic | |
St. Bernadette | 7600 South 42nd Street | Catholic | |
St. Bernard | 3601 North 65th Street | Catholic | |
St. Bridget | 4112 South 26th Street | Catholic | |
St. Cecilia | 701 North 40th Street | Catholic | |
St. Elizabeth Ann | 5419 North 114th Street | Catholic | |
St. Frances Cabrini | 1335 South 10th Street | Catholic | |
St. Francis Assisi | 4513 South 32nd Street | Catholic | |
St. James Catholic Church | 9025 Larimore Avenue | Catholic | |
St. Joan of Arc | 74th and Vinton Streets | Catholic | |
St. John Vianney | 5801 Oak Hills Drive | Catholic | |
St. John's Parish at Creighton University | 2500 California Plaza | Catholic | |
St. Joseph | 1723 South 17th Street | Catholic | |
St. Leo | 1920 North 102nd. Street | Catholic | |
St. Margaret Mary | 6116 Dodge Street | Catholic | |
St. Mary | 3529 Q Street | Catholic | |
St. Mary Magdalene | 109 South 19th Street | Catholic | |
St. Patrick | 1404 Castelar Street | Catholic | |
St. Peter | 2702 Leavenworth Street | Catholic | |
St. Philip Neri | 8202 North 30th. Street | Catholic | |
St. Richard | 4320 Fort Street | Catholic | |
St. Robert Bellarmine | 11802 Pacific Street | Catholic | |
St. Rose | 4102 South 13th Street | Catholic | |
St. Stanislaus | 4002 J Street | Catholic | |
St. Stephen the Martyr | 16701 S Street | Catholic | |
St. Therese of the Child Jesus | 5314 North 14th Avenue | Catholic | |
St. Thomas More | 4804 Grover Street | Catholic | |
St. Vincent de Paul | 14330 Eagle Run Drive | Catholic | |
St. Wenceslaus | 15353 Pacific Street | Catholic | |
Agape | 2512 North 72nd Street | Christian | |
Benson | 2704 North 58th Street | Christian | North - Benson |
Celebration | 14227 U Street | Christian | |
Celebration | 7107 South 161st Street | Christian | |
Christian Brotherhood | 9809 M Street | Christian | |
Christian Brotherhood | 16735 Spring Circle | Christian | |
Christian Discipleship | 1823 Lake Street | Christian | |
Christian Missionary Alliance | 1301 South 119th Street | Christian | |
City Church | 6051 Maple Street | Christian | |
Cleaves Temple | 2431 Decatur Street | Christian | |
Covenant | 3925 North 95th Street | Christian | |
Faith | 2201 South 132nd Street | Christian | |
First | 6630 Dodge Street | Christian | |
Florence Alliance | 8702 North 30th Street | Christian | North - Florence |
Florence | 7300 Northridge Drive | Christian | North - Florence |
Fort Street | 5116 Terrace Drive | Christian | |
Freedom | 4606 North 56th Street | Christian | |
Heartland Family | 3715 North 104th Avenue | Christian | |
Kingsway | 1106 South 139th Street | Christian | |
Lake Forest | 11268 Lake Forest Drive | Christian | |
Liberty | 5616 L Street | Christian | |
Millard | 13317 Z Street | Christian | West - Millard |
Millard | 13445 Cryer Avenue | Christian | West - Millard |
Northside Family | 4102 Florence Boulevard | Christian | |
Omaha Chinese | 1920 Robertson Drive | Christian | |
Omaha | 4215 North 92nd Avenue | Christian | |
Pilgrim | 2818 North 70th Street | Christian | |
Prairie Lane | 3111 South 119th Street | Christian | |
Russian | 11268 Lake Forest Drive | Christian | |
Shiloh | 1501 North 33rd Street | Christian | |
Sonrise | 4623 North 54th Circle | Christian | |
South Side | 4401 South 23rd Street | Christian | |
St Mary's Orthodox | 10303 Boyd Street | Christian | |
Victory | 6819 South 167th Street | Christian | |
Vineyard | 3534 South 108th Street | Christian | |
Christ Community | 404 South 108th Avenue | Christian & Missionary Alliance | West - Old Mill |
Millard Alliance | 15405 Adams St | Christian & Missionary Alliance | West - Millard |
Benson | 2704 North 58th Street | Church of Christ | North - Benson |
Christ | 404 South 108th Avenue | Church of Christ | |
Christ Gospel | 4233 South 23rd Street | Church of Christ | |
Christ Is Lord | 7119 Irvington Road | Church of Christ | |
Christ Temple | 2124 North 26th Street | Church of Christ | |
Christ The King | 654 South 86th Street | Church of Christ | |
Christ's Family | 5602 L Street | Church of Christ | |
Church Of Christ | 5922 Fort Street | Church of Christ | |
Church Of Christ | 5118 Hartman Avenue | Church of Christ | |
Church Of Christ (Southwest Omaha) | 2600 South 124th Street | Church of Christ | |
Church | 4628 Grand Avenue | Church of Christ | |
Faith Temple | 3049 Curtis Avenue | Church of Christ | |
Friends Of Christ Evangelical | 3208 Corby Street | Church of Christ | |
Jesus Christ | 1517 North 30th Street | Church of Christ | |
Nebraska Omaha Mission | 11930 Arbor Street# 203 | Church of Christ | |
New Beginnings In Christ | 125 North 34th Street | Church of Christ | |
New Life | 1712 North 24th Street | Church of God in Christ | |
Sunnyslope | 3606 North 108th Street | Church of Christ | |
Tabernacle | 1521 North 25th Street | Church of Christ | |
Transport For Christ | 9907 Sapp Brothers Drive | Church of Christ | |
Abundant Mercy Pentecostal | 910 South 25th Street | Church of God | |
Antioch | 3654 Miami Street | Church of God in Christ | |
Cathedral of Love | 2816 Ames Avenue | Church of God in Christ | |
Church of God in Christ | 2025 North 24th Street | Church of God | |
Church of God in Christ, International | 4628 Grand Avenue | Church of God in Christ, Intl | |
Parkway | 1212 East Browne Street | Church of God | |
South Omaha | 1707 J Street | Church of God | |
State Office | 14011 Pierce Street | Church of God | |
Church Of The Living God | 2029 Binney Street | Church of God | |
Church Of The Living God | 3805 Bedford Avenue | Church of God | |
Faith Temple | 3049 Curtis Avenue | Church of God | |
Faith Temple | 2108 Emmet Street | Church of God in Christ | |
First | 1705 North 96th Street | Church of God | |
Freedom Church Assembly | 4430 Florence Blvd | Church of God | |
Gethsemane | 5720 North 24th Street | Church of God in Christ | |
God's Missionary Baptist | 5036 Terrace Drive | Church of God | |
God's Missionary Baptist | 2502 North 51st Street | Church of God | |
Mt Zion | 5220 South 31st Street | Church of God in Christ | |
Mt Zion | 6617 North 65th Street | Church of God | |
New Bethel | 1710 North 25th Street | Church of God in Christ | |
New Life | 1712 North 24th Street | Church of God | |
Power House | 2553 Browne Street | Church of God | |
Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-day Saints | 11027 Martha Street | LDS | |
Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-day Saints | 6714 Dodge Street | LDS | |
Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-day Saints | 14680 California Street | LDS | |
Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-day Saints | 5217 North 54th Street | LDS | |
Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-day Saints | 3919 North 53rd Street | LDS | |
Winter Quarters Nebraska Temple | 8283 North 34th Street | LDS | |
All Saints | 9302 Blondo Street | Episcopal | |
Church of the Resurrection | 3004 Belvedere Boulevard | Episcopal | |
Holy Family | South 138th and Q Streets | Episcopal | |
St Andrews | 925 South 84th Street | Episcopal | |
St Barnabas | 129 North 40th Street | Catholic (Anglican Use) | |
St Luke | 600 South 42nd Street | Episcopal | |
St Martin of Tours | 2324 J Street | Episcopal | |
Trinity Cathedral | 113 North 18th St | Episcopal | |
First Covenant | 201 North 90th St | Evangelical | |
Brookside | 11607 M Cir | Evangelical Free | West |
Finding Life | 13270 Millard Ave | Evangelical Free | West - Millard |
Hope | 9313 Binney St | Evangelical Free | North - Maplewood |
Redeemer | 13831 Industrial Rd | Evangelical Free | West - Millard |
Jehovah Shammah Baptist | 2537 N 62nd St | Full Gospel | |
Lifegate Church | 15555 West Dodge Road | Interdenominational | |
Church Of The Nazarene | 8206 Blondo Street | Nazarene | |
Southwest Church | 14808 Q Street | Nazarene | |
American | 4140 North 42nd Street | Lutheran | |
Atonement | 4530 North 85th Street | Lutheran - LCMS | |
Augustana | 3647 Lafayette Avenue | Lutheran | |
Beautiful Savior | 9012 Q Street | Lutheran - LCMS | |
Bethany | 5151 North West Radial Highway | Lutheran - LCMS | |
Bethel | 1312 South 45th Street | Lutheran - ELCA | |
Calvary | 2941 North 80th Street | Lutheran | |
Christian Family | 1867 South 147th Circle | Lutheran | |
Cross | 2902 South 20th Street | Lutheran - LCMS | |
Deaf Bethlehem | 5074 Lake Street | Lutheran | |
Divine Shepherd | 15005 Q Street | Lutheran - LCMS | |
First | 542 South 31st Street | Lutheran - ELCA | |
Gethsemane | 4040 North 108th Street | Lutheran - WELS | |
Good Shepherd | 5071 Center Street | Lutheran - WELS | |
Grace | 1326 South 26th Street | Lutheran - ELCA | |
Holy Cross | 4117 Terrace Drive | Lutheran - ELCA | |
Hope | 2721 North 30th Street | Lutheran | |
Immanuel | 2725 North 60th Avenue | Lutheran - ELCA | |
King Of Kings | 11615 I Street | Lutheran - LCMS | |
Kountze Memorial | 2650 Farnam Street | Lutheran | |
Latvian Evangelical | 4523 South 22nd Street | Lutheran | |
Living Hope | 4823 South 168th Street | Lutheran - WELS | |
Lord Of Love | 10405 Fort Plaza | Lutheran - ELCA | |
Luther Memorial | 1031 Sunset Trail | Lutheran | |
Lutheran Church Of The Master (east) | 2617 South 114th Street | Lutheran | |
Lutheran Church Of The Master (west) | 1200 N. 181st Court | Lutheran | |
Lutheran Metropolitan Ministries | 4205 Boyd Street | Lutheran | |
Lutheran Pantry | 4205 Boyd Street | Lutheran | |
Mission Lutherana Cristo Rey | 4440 South 25th Street | Lutheran | |
Morning Star | 331 South 85th Avenue | Lutheran | |
Mount Calvary | 5529 Leavenworth Street | Lutheran - LCMS | |
Mount Olive | 7301 North 28th Avenue | Lutheran - LCMS | |
Nebraska Synod-Bishops Office | 4980 South 118th Street | Lutheran | |
Northside Community | 1511 North 20th Street | Lutheran | |
Our Redeemer | 4757 North 24th Street | Lutheran | |
Pacific Hills | 1110 South 90th Street | Lutheran - LCMS | |
Peace | 4001 Q Street | Lutheran | |
Pella | 303 South 41st Street | Lutheran - ELCA | Midtown |
Rejoice | 2556 South 138th Street | Lutheran - ELCA | |
Shepherd Of The Hills | 6201 North 60th Street | Lutheran | |
St Johns | 11120 Calhoun Road | Lutheran | |
St Luke's | 2315 I Street | Lutheran | |
St Mark | 1821 North 90th Street | Lutheran | |
St Matthew Evangelical | 1725 South 60th Street | Lutheran - ELCA | |
St Michael's | 13232 Blondo Street | Lutheran | |
St Paul | 13271 Millard Avenue | Lutheran | |
St Paul | 5020 Grand Avenue | Lutheran - LCMS | |
St Thomas | 17007 Q Street | Lutheran - ELCA | |
St Timothy's | 510 North 93rd Street | Lutheran | |
Trinity | 6340 North 30th Street | Lutheran | |
Zion Peace | 4001 Q Street | Lutheran - LCMS | |
Zion West | 14205 Ida Street | Lutheran - LCMS | |
Millard Bible Church | 14345 Y Street | Mennonite | |
New Hope Mennonite Church | Douglas Street | Mennonite | |
Adat Hatikvat Tzion | 14808 Q Street | Messianic | West - Millard |
Asbury | 5226 N 15th Street | Methodist | |
Clair Memorial | 5544 Ames Avenue | Methodist | |
Dietz | 1423 S 10th Street | Methodist | |
Faith-Westwood | 4814 Oaks Lane | Methodist | |
First | 7020 Cass Street | Methodist | |
Free Methodist | 9354 Corby Street | Methodist | |
Grace | 2418 E Street | Methodist | |
Hanscom Park | Frances Street | Methodist | |
Lefler | 1501 Madison Street | Methodist | |
Living Faith | 15426 W Center Road | Methodist | |
Mapleview Free Methodist | 9525 Maple Street | Methodist | |
Maplewood | 3535 Maplewood Boulevard | Methodist | |
Olive Crest | 7180 N 60th Street | Methodist | |
Pearl Memorial | 2319 Ogden Street | Methodist | |
Rockbrook | 9855 W Center Road | Methodist | |
St Andrews | 15050 W Maple Road | Methodist | |
Trinity | 6001 Fontenelle Boulevard | Methodist | |
Union Memorial | 2712 R St | Methodist | |
St. Vincent of Lerins | 2502 N 51st St | Orthodox - Western Rite | |
St. John the Baptist | 602 Park Ave | Orthodox | |
Benson | 5612 Corby Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Castelar | 2410 South 16th Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Central | 726 South 55th Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Clifton Hill | 2301 North 45th Street | Presbyterian | |
Covenant | 15002 Blondo Street | Presbyterian - EPC | |
Cross | 1517 South 114th Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Dominion Covenant | 6104 Irvington Road | Presbyterian - CPC | West - Irvington |
Dundee | 5312 Underwood Avenue | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Faithful Shepherd | 2530 South 165th Avenue | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
First | 216 South 34th Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Florence | 8314 North 31st Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Grace Reformed | 5151 North 93rd Street | Presbyterian - PCA | |
Harvest Community | 4932 Ohio Street | Presbyterian - PCA | |
Hope | 5220 South 159th Avenue | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Korean | 3734 South 13th Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Lowe Avenue | 1023 North 40th Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Miller Park | 3020 Huntington Avenue | Presbyterian | |
Mosher-Pilgrim | 4622 Monroe Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Mount View | 5308 Hartman Avenue | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
New Life | 4060 Pratt Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Presbyterian Center | 4412 Farnam Street | Presbyterian | |
Presbyterian Church of the Master | 2815 North 108th Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Underwood Hills | 851 North 74th Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
West Hills | 3015 South 82nd Avenue | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Westminster | 3416 Woolworth Avenue | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Wheeler Memorial | 4501 South 23rd Street | Presbyterian - PCUSA | |
Word and Spirit Covenant | Presbyterian - Indep. | ||
First Unitarian Church of Omaha | 3114 Harney Street | Unitarian Universalist | |
Second Unitarian Church Of Omaha | 3012 South 119th Street | Unitarian Universalist | |
Christ-Love Unity Church | 2903 Ellison Avenue | Unity | |
Unity Church of Omaha | 3424 North 90th Street | Unity | |
First Central | 421 South 36th Street | United Church of Christ Congregational | |
Countryside Community Church of Christ | 8787 Pacific Street | United Church of Christ Congregational | |
StoneBridge Christian Church | 15801 Butler Avenue | Christian | West |
Westside Church | 15050 West Dodge Road | Southern Baptist | West |
See also
References
- ↑ Larsen and Cottrell. (1997) The Gate City: A history of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p 51.
- ↑ Larsen and Cotrell. p 51.
- ↑ Cotrell and Larsen. p 53.
- ↑ (2003) The Negroes of Nebraska: The Negro goes to church. Memorial Library.
- ↑ Lizzie Robinson House City of Omaha Landmark Preservation Commission. Retrieved 5/3/07.
- ↑ Notre Dame Academy 1928–1974. Notre Dame Sisters of Omaha, Nebraska. Retrieved 6/11/07.
- ↑ Cotrell and Larsen. p 233.
- ↑ (1953) "Psychiatry for Pastors" Time. 10/26/53. Retrieved 7/11/07.
- ↑ Calvin Memorial Presbyterian Church (originally North Presbyterian Church). City of Omaha's Landmark Heritage Preservation Commission. Retrieved 5/29/07.
- ↑ Holy Family Church City of Omaha Landmarks. Retrieved 5/2/07.
- ↑ McCord, Julia. (2003) "Parish offers Rucker kids free schooling," Omaha World Herald. October 2, 2003.