List of colonial buildings in Medan

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Dutch colonial buildings around the vicinity of the Esplanade (now Lapangan Merdeka) in the 1920s.

Colonial buildings in Medan include those that were constructed in Medan during the colonial period of Dutch East Indies, now Indonesia. Following the establishment of the Deli Company in 1869, Medan was transformed rapidly from a small kampong of few hundred people in 1869 into the largest city in Sumatra. When the Sultan of Deli moved their residence here in 1891, Medan became the capital of North Sumatra.^[1] Rapid development ushered a western-centric development in Medan, and hence a number of colonial buildings appear in Medan.^[2][3] Despite its relatively late modernization compared to older established cities like Jakarta and Makassar, Medan contains abundant colonial architecture heritages. 42 buildings has been declared of significant historical value.^[4]

Colonial architecture in Medan is dominated with Rationalist architecture, apparent in buildings such as houses, churches, civic buildings, commercial buildings and offices. European city planning based on garden city concept were also implemented in Medan, similar to Jakarta's Menteng and the mountain city of Bandung.

Despite the abundance of Dutch colonial architecture heritage in Medan, colonial buildings are being demolished at an alarming speed. Non-governmental organizations claimed that almost 90 percent of the 42 protected buildings had either been demolished or modified, despite the provincial ruling No. 6/1988 which bans the modification of these buildings. 73 buildings had not yet been protected, one example is the Mega Eltra buildings, constructed in 1912 but has since been demolished.^[4] Other heritage buildings that have been demolished are the Kerapatan building on Jl. Brig. Jen. Katamso, a bank building on Jl. Pemuda and the Public Works office on Jl. Listrik.^[4] The lack of city planning by city's officials and the minimum awareness of history in Medan had caused many of Medan colonial buildings to be demolished.

List of buildings

Below is a list of colonial buildings found in Medan. The list is divided into the colonial architectural styles: Eclecticism (before 20th century), Dutch Rationalism and Traditionalism (1900s-1920s), and Modernism (1920s-1930s). The list is sorted alphabetically according to its official (local) name. The list can also be sorted to each category.

Eclecticism (before 20th century)

Some of the first colonial buildings of Medan were concentrated around the Esplanade (now Lapangan Merdeka) and the station area; and around the Sultan's palace. Many of the first buildings were of simple wooden structure, such as the hoofdkantoor van de Deli Maatschappij te Medan which during the time of its opening in 1870 was also used for church, administration building, hospital and a feast hall;^[5] and the large wooden Old Sultan's Palace.

Last official name	Former names	Year	Architect	Location	Latest image	Oldest image
Agentschap van de NHM (demolished in 1930, on its site the Nederlands-Indische Handelsbank (now Bank Mandiri) was constructed)	Agentschap van de NHM	1888[6]	anonymous	3°35′20″N 98°40′41″E / 3.588925°N 98.677956°E
Dharma Deli Hotel	Hotel De Boer[7]	1898 (opened)[7][8]		3°35′30″N 98°40′37″E / 3.591598°N 98.676851°E
Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, "Department of Culture and Tourism"	Deli vrijmetselaarsloge	1892[9]	anonymous	3°35′39″N 98°40′50″E / 3.594070°N 98.680533°E
Grand Hotel Medan (demolished, now Bank Negara Indonesia - KCP Medan Pulau Pinang)[10]	Hotel de Vink[10]	1884[10]		3°35′22″N 98°40′47″E / 3.589329°N 98.679815°E
Hoofdkantoor van de Deli Maatschappij (demolished, and replaced with larger office in 1910)[8]	Hoofdkantoor van de Deli Maatschappij	1869-1870[8]	anonymous	3°35′35″N 98°40′31″E / 3.592962°N 98.675214°E
Istana Maimun	Istana Maimun	26 August 1888 - 18 May 1891[11]	Theo van Erp,[11] Ferrari[11]	3°34′31″N 98°41′02″E / 3.575234°N 98.683829°E
Kerapatan Deli, first building (demolished)[12]	Delische Rijksraadgebouw[12]		anonymous	3°34′47″N 98°41′04″E / 3.579600°N 98.684417°E
Lapangan Merdeka	de Esplanade	1880	anonymous
Masjid Raya Al-Osmani		1872		3°43′56″N 98°40′34″E / 3.732337°N 98.676074°E
Old Sultan's Palace (razed to ground in 1946)	Old Sultan's Palace	late 19th-century		3°34′37″N 98°41′20″E / 3.577059°N 98.688879°E
Paleis van de Tengku Besar van Deli (destroyed by fire in 1921)[12]	Paleis van de Tengku Besar van Deli	late 19th-century
Piaggio/Vespa (revamped, only the facade persisted)		1900s[13]		3°35′11″N 98°40′46″E / 3.586291°N 98.679437°E
Seng Hap (abandoned, deteriorates)	Seng Hap[14]	1900[14]	anonymous	3°35′19″N 98°40′43″E / 3.588479°N 98.678514°E
Rumah Sakit PT Perkebunan Nusantara II Tembakau Deli, "PT Perkebunan Nusantara II Deli Tobacco Hospital"	Hospitaal Deli Maatschappij[15]	1885
Rumah Tjong A Fie, 張阿輝 故居	Tjong A Fie Mansion	1900s[16]		3°35′08″N 98°40′50″E / 3.585519°N 98.680507°E
Sociëteit De Witte (first form, demolished)[10]	Sociëteit De Witte (first form)	1882[10]
Standard Chartered Bank	Ambtswoning van de resident van het Oostkust van Sumatra (1898),[17] Gouverneurshuis te Medan	1898[17]	anonymous	3°35′00″N 98°40′33″E / 3.583471°N 98.675941°E

Rationalism and Traditionalism (1900s – 1920s)

New technological possibilities gradually transformed the architectural style into a modern form. Two architectural movements appeared in the Netherlands and the Netherlands East Indies: the Dutch Rationalism and Traditionalism.^[18]

Dutch Rationalism was mainly inspired by the works of Berlage; the subsequent style in the tropical climate of Indonesia is known as New Indies Style.^[19] The style is the result of the attempt to develop new solutions to integrate traditional precedents with new technological possibilities.

The Traditionalist movement appeared in the 1910s. It is basically the revival of the late 19th-century eclecticism, but was mainly inspired by classicism. Unlike the earlier low-quality architecture, the new traditionalist movement make use of modern materials e.g. reinforced concrete and steel frames. Facades are mostly of natural stone. The monumental character of this style is popular for offices, warehouses and garages.^[18]

Last official name	Former names	Year	Architect	Location	Latest image	Oldest image
	Chinese lagere school
Abandoned building (2004-now)[8]	Hoofdkantoor van Deli Maatschappij, head office of the Deli Company,[5] Director's Office of PT Perkebunan IX (1959)	1910[5]	D. Berendse[5]	3°35′35″N 98°40′31″E / 3.592962°N 98.675214°E
Angkatan Muda Pembaharuan Indonesia (neglected, heavily deteriorates)	Medan's Warenhuis (1919), Kantor Departemen Tenaga Kerja Tk. I Sumut	1919[20]	G. Bos[20]	3°35′18″N 98°40′37″E / 3.588343°N 98.676836°E
Asuransi Jasindo	Stoormvaartmaatschappij Nederland en Rotterdamse Lloyd; Nederlands-Indische Handelsbank, NIH (until 1940)	early 20th-century		3°35′19″N 98°40′42″E / 3.588661°N 98.678436°E
Asuransi Jiwasraya	NILLMIJ	1919[20]	Thomas Karsten[20]	3°35′03″N 98°40′48″E / 3.584277°N 98.680138°E
Bank Indonesia	De Javasche Bank[5]	1909[5]	Hulswit en Cuypers[21]	3°35′27″N 98°40′37″E / 3.590752°N 98.676977°E
Bioskop Bali (demolished, now Vihara Medan)	Oranje Bioscoop; Gedung Kesenian;[22] Restoran April Mop;[22] Bioskop Bali (post-independence)[22]	1908[22]	possibly BOW	3°35′24″N 98°40′52″E / 3.589886°N 98.681097°E
BKS PPS (Badan Kerja-sama Perusahaan Perkebunan Sumatera), "Sumatra Planters Association" (1967)	AVROS (Algemeene Vereeniging van Rubberplanters ter Oostkust van Sumatera)[23]	1918[20]	G.H. Mulder[20]	3°35′04″N 98°40′50″E / 3.584420°N 98.680551°E
Dharma Niaga	Carl Schlieper	1919[24]		3°35′06″N 98°40′49″E / 3.585066°N 98.680220°E
Ford Motors Reparatie Werkplaats (abandoned, dilapidated)	Ford Motors Reparatie Werkplaats			3°35′14″N 98°40′33″E / 3.587162°N 98.675871°E
Gedung Balai Kota Lama	Raadhuis, Gemeentehuis Medan[5]	1908-1909[5]	Ch. M. Boon[5][25]	3°35′25″N 98°40′38″E / 3.590380°N 98.677188°E
Gereja Kristen Indonesia Sumatera Utara	Gereformeerde Kerk	1918	Tj. Kuipers	3°35′02″N 98°40′18″E / 3.583877°N 98.671651°E
HKBP Sudirman Medan	Elisabethkerk[26]	August 1, 1912[27]		3°34′39″N 98°40′39″E / 3.577416°N 98.677558°E
Kantor Gubernur Sumatera Utara	Proefstation Deli Tabak[28]	1913[28]		3°34′50″N 98°40′20″E / 3.580418°N 98.672145°E
Kantor Pos Medan, "Medan Post Office"	Medan Post- en telegraafkantoor	1909[8]-1911	S. Snuyf (from BOW)[8]	3°35′31″N 98°40′39″E / 3.591851°N 98.677404°E
Katholiek schoolinternaat, "Roman Catholic boarding school"		1920[29]	anonymous	3°35′20″N 98°40′07″E / 3.589017°N 98.668682°E
Kerapatan Deli, second building (demolished in 1946's social revolution)[12]	Delische Rijksraadgebouw[12]	1912[30]		3°34′36″N 98°41′06″E / 3.576757°N 98.684962°E
Kereta Api (Persero) Divisi Regional I Sumatera Utara	Hoofdkantoor van de Deli Spoorweg Maatschappij[9]	1918[9]	Th. Karsten[9]	3°35′38″N 98°40′47″E / 3.593770°N 98.679736°E
London Sumatera	Harrison & Crossfield[14]	1909		3°35′19″N 98°40′41″E / 3.588613°N 98.678080°E
Masjid Raya Medan	Grote Moskee	1909	Van Erp, JA Tingdeman	3°34′30″N 98°41′14″E / 3.575111°N 98.687321°E
Mega Eltra	Lindeteves-Stokvis (1912); BPM (1952)	1912
Menara Air Tirtanadi, "Tirtanadi Water Tower"	Watertoren van Ajer Beresih Waterleiding Maatschappij en omgeving[31]	1908[31]		3°34′56″N 98°41′06″E / 3.582158°N 98.685049°E
Pasar Boender, "Round Market" (demolished, on its site stands the monument of Guru Patimpus)	Pasar Petissah, Pasar Petisah	1915[29]	anonymous	3°35′29″N 98°40′16″E / 3.591469°N 98.671103°E
Pengadilan Negeri Medan dan Pengadilan Tinggi Sumatera Utara, "Medan State Court and North Sumatra High Court"	Raad van Justitie	1911[32]		3°35′16″N 98°40′21″E / 3.587658°N 98.672572°E
Petodjo Ice Factory (demolished, on its site stands commercial complex Medan Bisnis Center)	N.V. IJsmaatschappij 'Petodjo'	1920[29]	anonymous	3°35′16″N 98°40′04″E / 3.587797°N 98.667875°E
Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit Medan, "Medan Oil Palm Research Center"	AVROS-proetstation voor de rubbercultuur te Kampong Baroe[20]	1918[20]		3°33′24″N 98°41′17″E / 3.556535°N 98.687995°E
Telkom	Telefoondienst van de DSM[33][9]			3°35′39″N 98°40′46″E / 3.594281°N 98.679577°E

Modernism (1920s-1940s)

The period saw the emergence of Modernism and its varieties, namely Art Deco, Nieuwe Bouwen, Amsterdam School and other variations. Art Deco evolved from earlier Dutch Rationalism. The form is symmetrical and exudes technological progress and glamour, with rich color and bold geometric shapes.

In the following period between late 1930s and 1940s, Art Deco evolved into a new style known as Nieuwe Bouwen (Dutch term for Modernism) or Functionalism. Instead of creating decorative style on the facade, the architect creates style in the clear arrangement of space. These Nieuwe Bouwen buildings were less symmetrical and more expressive in form, using simple universal form such as cylinder or tube, apparent in buildings such as the de Rex cinema building, now the Ria Restaurant (which was clumsily restored as Art Deco-style buildings) and the new building of the Medan railway station. Architect J.M. Groenewegen has made his mark in many of Medan's Nieuwe Bouwen buildings.^[34]

Medan also became the ground for implementation of Amsterdam School-styled buildings not found in many parts of Indonesia. The St. Elizabeth's hospital (1929) by J.M. Groenewegen and the original plan of Centrale Pasar (destroyed in fire) shows influence of Amsterdam School.

Last official name	Former names	Year	Architect	Location	Latest image	Oldest image
	Gemeentelijke Vismarkt
	Stork[13]	1920s[13]		3°35′16″N 98°40′43″E / 3.587723°N 98.678539°E
Bank BNI Kesawan	Chartered Bank of India, China and Australia[13]			3°35′12″N 98°40′45″E / 3.586742°N 98.679050°E
Bank Danamon Kesawan	Bank of China[13]	1930[13]		3°35′12″N 98°40′45″E / 3.586637°N 98.679211°E
Bank Mandiri	Nederlandsch-Indische Escompto Maatschappij[24]	1927	Fermont en Cuypers	3°35′06″N 98°40′50″E / 3.584934°N 98.680689°E
Bank Mandiri	Nederlands-Indische Handelsbank (NIH)[21]	1940[21]	C.P. Wolff Schoemaker[21]	3°35′20″N 98°40′41″E / 3.588925°N 98.677956°E
Bank Mandiri Medan Lapangan Merdeka	de Factorij, Nederlandse Handel-Maatschappij (1929)[35]	1929[20]	J. de Bruin (from Fermont en Ed. Cuypers)[20][21]	3°35′22″N 98°40′40″E / 3.589581°N 98.677737°E
Bata	Warenhuis Cornfield[13]	1951[13]	H. van den Heuvel[13]	3°35′11″N 98°40′45″E / 3.586502°N 98.679300°E
Centrale Pasar (destroyed in fire, now Pasar Pusat area)	Centrale Pasar		J.H. Valk[36]	3°35′25″N 98°41′09″E / 3.590330°N 98.685849°E
Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, "Department of Culture and Tourism" (deteriorating as of 2016)	Boekhandel en Drukkerij Varekamp & Co. (Bookstore and Printing Varekamp & Co.),[20] Drukkerij J. Hallermann[37]	1926[20]		3°35′06″N 98°40′50″E / 3.585084°N 98.680455°E
Gereja Bala Keselamatan, "The Salvation Army"	Weeshuis Leger des Heils;[34] internment camp[38]	Jan 18, 1937[39][34]		3°34′26″N 98°40′50″E / 3.573849°N 98.680566°E
GPIB Immanuel, "Immanuel's Protestant Church"	Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk	1921		3°34′51″N 98°40′23″E / 3.580823°N 98.672941°E
HKBP Uskup Agung	Batak Protestantschekerk	25 September 1927 (first stone)[40]		3°34′37″N 98°40′16″E / 3.577081°N 98.671204°E
Katedral Medan, "Medan Cathedral"	Rooms-Katholieke Kerk, "Roman Catholic Church"	January 30, 1928[41]	J.M. Groenewegen (expansion in 1928)[41]	3°35′03″N 98°40′53″E / 3.584224°N 98.681374°E
Kesawan 34 (facade modified with pseudo-classical ornament)[13]		First half of 20th-century[13]		3°35′17″N 98°40′42″E / 3.587979°N 98.678450°E
Museum Perjuangan TNI	Arnhemse Levensverzekeringsmaatschappij, "Arnhem Insurance"	1930	J.M. Groenewegen	3°35′02″N 98°40′27″E / 3.583795°N 98.674080°E
Oranjeschool (demolished, now Kampus I STTH)	Oranjeschool[42]	1941[34]	J.M. Groenewegen[34]	3°34′36″N 98°40′40″E / 3.576591°N 98.677813°E
Paradiso Swimming Pool	Zwembad Medan, Zwembad Djalan Radja, Zwembad van de Medansche Zwemvereeniging[31]	1939[31][43]	J.M. Groenewegen[43]	3°34′48″N 98°41′06″E / 3.579899°N 98.685081°E
PD Pasar	de Rotonde; Djawatan Penerangan Propinsi Sumatera Utara (1950s)			3°35′27″N 98°41′05″E / 3.590754°N 98.684600°E
Perguruan Kristen Immanuel, "Immanuel Christian School"	Prinses Beatrix school[34][44]	1938[34]	J.M. Groenewegen[34]	3°34′41″N 98°40′34″E / 3.577938°N 98.676022°E
Perusahaan Listrik Negara, Medan	Nederlandsch Indische Gasmaatschappij (NIGM)			3°35′09″N 98°40′34″E / 3.585871°N 98.676060°E
PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV	Handelsvereniging 'Amsterdam' (HVA)[45]	1924[45]	Fermont en Cuypers[45]	3°34′49″N 98°40′47″E / 3.580365°N 98.679618°E
Restoran Ria (clumsily restored)	de Rex	1930s		3°35′08″N 98°40′58″E / 3.585575°N 98.682685°E
Restoran Tiptop		1934[46]		3°35′09″N 98°40′47″E / 3.585942°N 98.679679°E
Rumah Dinas Gubernur Sumatera Utara, "North Sumatra Governor's Residence"	Woning van 'eilandgewest' Sumatra (1939);[47] Ambtswoning van de gouverneur van de Oostkust van Sumatra (1948)[47]	1939[47]		3°34′28″N 98°40′10″E / 3.574505°N 98.669544°E
Rumah Sakit Militer Putri Hijau, "Putri Hijau Military Hospital"	Kantoor van Deli Planters Vereeniging en Immigranten Bureau	1920s?		3°35′59″N 98°40′22″E / 3.599729°N 98.672663°E
Rumah Sakit Santa Elisabeth, "St. Elisabeth's Hospital"	Sint-Elisabeth Ziekenhuis	1929[45]-1930	J.M. Groenewegen[45]	3°34′31″N 98°40′36″E / 3.575231°N 98.676731°E
Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Pirngadi (Dr. Pirngadi Regional General Hospital)	Gemeente Ziekenhuis, "Municipal Hospital"; Syuritsu Byusono Ince[48]	August 11, 1928[48]		3°35′51″N 98°41′17″E / 3.597448°N 98.688127°E
SMPN 1 Medan, "Medan junior high school 1" (demolished)	Gouvernements Muloschool Medan	Early 1920s[34]	anonymous	3°34′53″N 98°40′28″E / 3.581334°N 98.674462°E
Stasiun Kereta Api Medan, "Medan Railway Station"	Station, Medan Station	1937[49]		3°35′27″N 98°40′47″E / 3.590879°N 98.679741°E
Taman Sri Deli	Derikanpark	1931-1932[12]		3°34′35″N 98°41′12″E / 3.576293°N 98.686667°E

See also

• Colonial architecture of Indonesia

References

1. Janssen 2015.
2. Dick 2002, pp. 95,103.
3. "History". N.V. Deli Maatschappij. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
4. The Jakarta Post, 2002.
5. Loderichs 1997, p. 16.
6. Loderichs 1997, p. 109.
7. Loderichs 1997, pp. 16, 105.
8. Leushuis 2011, p. 55.
9. Leushuis 2011, p. 56.
10. Loderichs 1997, p. 17.
11. Leushuis 2011, p. 70.
12. Loderichs 1997, p. 123.
13. Leushuis 2011, p. 59.
14. Leushuis 2011, p. 58.
15. http://avena-matondang.blogspot.co.id/2012/08/rumah-sakit-deli-maatschappaij-ikon.html?m=1
16. Leushuis 2011, p. 61.
17. Leushuis 2011, p. 64.
18. Gemeentemuseum Helmond, 1990, pp. 20-1.
19. Gunawan Tjahjono 1998, p. 120.
20. Loderichs 1997, p. 32.
21. Leushuis 2011, p. 57.
22. AT, M & MR 2012.
23. Thamrin 2013.
24. Leushuis 2011, p. 62.
25. http://colonialarchitecture.eu/obj?sq=id%3Apo%3A125 Boon, Ch. M.
26. http://www.medanschool.nl/oranje-school.html
27. http://hkbpmedan.org/2016/01/gereja-hkbp-sudirman-jadi-ikon-sejarah-kota-medan/
28. Leushuis 2011, p. 65.
29. Loderichs 1997, p. 28.
30. Loderichs 1997, p. 126.
31. Loderichs 1997, p. 122.
32. http://www.pn-medankota.go.id/main/index.php/tentang-pengadilan/profil-pengadilan/sejarah-pengadilan
33. Loderichs 1997, p. 117.
34. Loderichs 1997, p. 25.
35. Loderichs 1997, p. 89.
36. Loderichs 1997, p. 119.
37. http://kekunaan.blogspot.co.id/2014/04/gedung-dinas-kebudayaan-dan-pariwisata.html
38. Loderichs 1997, p. 58.
39. http://medan.m-heritage.org/results/data/2b-031.html
40. http://medan.m-heritage.org/results/data/2a-038.html
41. http://kekunaan.blogspot.co.id/2014/04/gereja-katedral-santa-maria-tak-bernoda.html
42. http://www.medanschool.nl/oranje-school.html Oranjeschool
43. "Zwembad Medan" [Medan Swimming Pool]. Colonial architecture & townplanning (in Dutch). TU Delft. 2016. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
44. http://www.medanschool.nl/pr-beatrix-school.html
45. Leushuis 2011, p. 67.
46. Leushuis 2011, p. 60.
47. Loderichs 1997, p. 147.
48. "Sejarah RSUD Dr. Pirngadi Medan" [History of Dr. Pirngadi Regional General Hospital]. Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Pirngadi (in Indonesian). Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Pirngadi. 2013. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
49. Loderichs 1997, p. 107.

Cited works

• AT; M; MR (October 28, 2012). "Walaupun Film Porno Ditayangkan, Bioskop di Medan Tetap Gulung Tikar" [Despite The Screening of Adult Movies, Medan's Cinemas Are Still Closing]. The Aceh Traffic (in Indonesian) (Aceh). Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
• Dick, Howard W. (2002). The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824825522. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
• Gunawan Tjahjono, ed. (1998). Architecture. Indonesian Heritage 6. Singapore: Archipelago Press. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
• Het Indische bouwen: architectuur en stedebouw in Indonesie : Dutch and Indisch architecture 1800-1950. Helmond: Gemeentemuseum Helmond. 1990. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
• Janssen, Peter (April 1, 2015). "Battle to preserve North Sumatra's smoking past". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
• Leushuis, Emile (2011). Gids historische stadswandelingen Indonesië [Guide historic city tours Indonesia] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: KIT Publishers. ISBN 9789460221620. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016.
• Loderichs, M.A. (November 1997). Medan - Beeld van een stad [Medan - Pictures of a city] (in Dutch). Purmerend: Asia Maior. ISBN 9074861105.
• "Medan loses its historical buildings". The Jakarta Post (Jakarta). June 5, 2002. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
• Thamrin, Mahandis Y. (August 19, 2013). "Kisah di Balik Kubah Megah AVROS Medan" [Story behind the majestic dome of AVROS, Medan]. National Geographic Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2016.

External links

• "List of Medan Heritage (gives good list, however building information needs to be properly sourced)". Medan - Understanding Heritage. Badan Warisan Sumatra Heritage Trust. 2016. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.