List of excommunicated cardinals

Only a few dozen cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church have been excommunicated. A cardinal is a Roman Catholic priest, deacon, or bishop entitled to vote in a papal election. They are collectively known as the College of Cardinals. Excommunication—literally, the denial of communion—means that a person is barred from participating in the Sacraments or holding ecclesiastical office. Ne Romani (1311), promulgated by Pope Clement V during the Council of Vienne, extended suffrage in papal election to excommunicated cardinals in an attempt to limit schisms.^[1]

This list includes only cardinals who have been explicitly excommunicated by a pope or ecumenical council, rather than those who (depending on one's interpretation) may have been excommunicated latae sententiae. For example, several precepts of papal election law prescribed automatic excommunication, such as Licet de vitanda of the Lateran Council which prohibited election by one-third, and Pope Pius X's Commissum Nobis, which made the exercise of the jus exclusivae by any cardinal punishable by excommunication.^[2][3] It also does not include excommunicated quasi-cardinals (cardinals elevated by antipopes) or clerics excommunicated before receiving the red hat.

Many excommunicated cardinals reconciled (most often with the successor of their excommunicator) and had their offices restored. Some would later be elected pope; for example, Formosus and Sergius III.

9th century

Pope Formosus, who was posthumously exhumed and tried in the Cadaver Synod, had previously been excommunicated by his predecessor as pope; all the participants in the Cadaver Synod themselves were later excommunicated

Cardinal	Elevating pope	Date of elevation	Excommunicating pope or council	Date of excommunication	Reason	Notes
Rodoaldo, bishop of Porto	Leo IV	853	Nicholas I	864	Simony	[4]
Anastasio il Bibliotecario	Leo IV	847	Council of Rome Council of Ravenna Council of Rome	December 6, 860 May 29, 853 December 8, 853	Intrigue against the pope	Reconciled with Nicholas I and Adrian II[4]
Formoso	Nicholas I	861	John VIII	867	Various charges	Reconciled with Marinus I; future Pope Formosus; re-excommunicated posthumously by the Cadaver Synod[4]
Sergio	Stephen V	ante 897	John IX/Roman Synod	April 898	Role in the Cadaver Synod	Later reconciled; future Pope Sergius III[4]
Benedetto	Formosus	ante 896	John IX/Roman Synod	April 898	Role in the Cadaver Synod	[4]
Martino	Formosus	ante 896	John IX/Roman Synod	April 898	Role in the Cadaver Synod	[4]
Giovanni	Formosus	ante 896	John IX/Roman Synod	April 898	Role in the Cadaver Synod	[4]
Pasquale	Formosus	ante 896	John IX/Roman Synod	April 898	Role in the Cadaver Synod	[4]
Giovanni	Formosus	ante 896	John IX/Roman Synod	April 898	Role in the Cadaver Synod	[4]
Leone	Formosus	ante 896	John IX/Roman Synod	April 898	Role in the Cadaver Synod	[4]

11th century

Francisco de Borja died before learning of his excommunication.

Cardinal	Elevating pope	Date of elevation	Excommunicating pope or council	Date of excommunication	Reason	Notes
Hugh of Remiremont	Leo IX	1049	Gregory VII/Roman synod of Letran	March 3, 1078	Simony	Joined Antipope Clement III[5]
Richard Milhau	Gregory VII	Ante May 7, 1078	Victor III/Council of Benevento	August 1087	Joined allegiance of Antipope Clement III	[6]

12th century

Cardinal	Elevating pope	Date of elevation	Excommunicating pope or council	Date of excommunication	Reason	Notes
Pietro Pierleoni	Paschal II	ca.1112	Innocent II/Council of Reims	October 18, 1131	Election as Antipope Anacletus II	[7]
Ottaviano de' Monticelli	Innocent II	1138	Alexander III	1162 and 1163	Election as Antipope Victor IV	[7]

13th century

Cardinal	Elevating pope	Date of elevation	Excommunicating pope or council	Date of excommunication	Reason	Notes
Riccardo	Innocent IV or Alexander IV	Between 1252 and 1256	Alexander IV	April 10, 1259	He participated in the coronation of Manfred Hohenstauf	[8][9]
Giacomo Colonna	Nicholas III	March 12, 1278	Boniface VIII	May 10, 1297	He corresponded secretly with Frederick III of Sicily and with Philip IV of France; and refused to surrender to the pope the fortresses that he possessed	Rehabilitated by Benedict XI (1303–1304) and reinstated by Clement V on December 17, 1305[8]
Pietro Colonna	Nicholas IV	May 16, 1288	Boniface VIII	May 10, 1297	He corresponded secretly with Frederick III of Sicily and with Philip IV of France; and refused to surrender to the pope the fortresses that he possessed	Rehabilitated by Benedict XI (1303–1304) and reinstated by Clement V on December 17, 1305[8]

15th century

Cardinal	Elevating pope	Date of elevation	Excommunicating pope or council	Date of excommunication	Reason	Notes
Louis Aleman	Eugene IV		Eugene IV	December 11, 1440	Role in the Council of Basle	Reconciled with Nicholas V[10]

16th century

Pope Julius II excommunicated all cardinals who participated in the Council of Pisa (1511).

Cardinal	Elevating pope	Date of elevation	Excommunicating pope or council	Date of excommunication	Reason	Notes
Francisco de Borja	Alexander VI	September 28, 1500	Julius II	October 24, 1511	Role in the Council of Pisa	Cardinal-nephew; Died before his concillar colleagues reconciled[11]
Federico di Sanseverino	Innocent VIII	March 9, 1489	Julius II	October 24, 1511	Role in the Council of Pisa	Reconciled with Leo X[12]
Bernardino López de Carvajal	Alexander VI	September 20, 1493	Julius II	October 24, 1511	Role in the Council of Pisa	Reconciled with Leo X[12]
Guillaume Briçonnet	Alexander VI	January 16, 1495	Julius II	October 24, 1511	Role in the Council of Pisa	Reconciled with Leo X[12]
René de Prie	Julius II	December 18, 1506	Julius II	October 24, 1511	Role in the Council of Pisa	Reconciled with Leo X[12]

18th century

Cardinal	Elevating pope	Date of elevation	Excommunicating pope or council	Date of excommunication	Reason	Notes
Niccolò Coscia	Benedict XIII	June 11, 1725	Clement XII	May 9, 1733	Financial irregularities	Reconciled with Clement XII[13]

See also

List of people excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church

References

1. Miranda, S. 1998. "Guide to documents and events". Florida International University.
2. Miranda, S. 1998. "Guide to documents and events". Florida International University.
3. Miranda, S. 1998. "Guide to documents and events". Florida International University.
4. Miranda, S. 1998. "19th Century (795-900)". Florida International University.
5. Miranda, S. 1998. "11th Century (999-1099)". Florida International University.
6. Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of 1078 (V)". Florida International University.
7. Miranda, S. 1998. "12th Century (1099-1198)". Florida International University.
8. Miranda, S. 1998. "13th Century (1198-1303)". Florida International University.
9. Klaus Ganzer: Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter, Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen 1963, pp. 169-171 no. 86.
10. Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of December 19, 1449 (IV)". Florida International University.
11. Miranda, S. 1998. "Consistory of September 28, 1500 (IX)". Florida International University.
12. Miranda, S. 1998. "Conclaves of the 16th Century (1503-1592)". Florida International University.
13. Miranda, S. 1998. "18th Century (1700-1799)". Florida International University.