List of foreign recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
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In total, 43 individuals in the military of allies of Nazi Germany were awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), the highest award in the military of Nazi Germany during World War II. Eight of these men were also honoured with the next higher grade, the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), and one senior naval officer, Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, was additionally awarded the Swords to the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern). Among the recipients were eighteen Romanians, nine Italians, eight Hungarians, two Slovaks, two Japanese, two Spaniards, two Finns, and one Belgian.[Note 1]
Colonel General Dezső László of Hungary became the last foreign recipient of the award on 3 March 1945. The last surviving foreign recipient of the award was Belgian politician Léon Degrelle, who died on 31 March 1994, fifty years after receiving the medal from Hitler's hands.
Background
The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht kept separate Knight's Cross lists, one for each of the military branches, Heer (Army), Kriegsmarine (Navy), Luftwaffe (Air force) and for the Waffen-SS. Within each of these lists a unique sequential number was assigned to each recipient. The same numbering paradigm was applied to the higher grades of the Knight's Cross, one list per grade. Once the four lists of the Knight's Cross recipients were merged into one listing, the chronological order was abandoned and the list was converted to an alphabetical list of recipients. Foreign recipients were never integrated into this list. The Wehrmacht also refrained from assigning a numbering scheme to the different lists of foreign recipients. Two principles were retained: the foreign Knights Cross recipients were ordered alphabetically and the recipients of the higher grades were ordered chronologically.[2]
The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grades were based on four separate enactments. The first enactment Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 1573 of 1 September 1939 instituted the Iron Cross (Eisernes Kreuz) and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.[3] As the war progressed, some of the recipients distinguished themselves further and a higher grade, the Oak Leaves to Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, was instituted. The Oak Leaves, as they were commonly referred to, were based on the enactment Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 849 of 3 June 1940.[4] In 1941, two higher grades of the Knight's Cross were instituted. The enactment Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 613 of 28 September 1941 introduced the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds.[5] At the end of 1944 the final grade, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit goldenem Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten), based on the enactment Reichsgesetzblatt 1945 I S. 11 of 29 December 1944, concluded the variants of the Knight's Cross.[6]
Recipients
The recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross are initially ordered alphabetically whereas the recipients of the higher grades are initially ordered chronologically. The rank listed is the recipient's rank at the time the Knight's Cross or the Oak Leaves were awarded.
This along with the * (asterisk), indicates that the Knight's Cross was awarded posthumously.
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
The Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords is based on the enactment Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 613 of 28 September 1941 to reward those servicemen who had already been awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Isoroku Yamamoto was the sole non-German combatant to be honoured with the Swords to the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves.
| Name | Country | Rank | Unit | Date of award | Notes | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yamamoto, IsorokuIsoroku Yamamoto | Japan | Fleet Admiral | Commander-in-chief of the IJN Combined Fleet | 27 May 1943* | Killed in action 18 April 1943[7] |  |
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
The Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves was based on the enactment Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 849 of 3 June 1940.
| Name | Country | Rank | Unit | Date of award | Notes | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lascăr, MihailMihail Lascăr | Romania | Major General (General de divizie)[8] | 6th Infantry Division of the 3rd Romanian Army | 22 November 1942 | — |  |
| Muñoz Grandes, AgustínAgustín Muñoz Grandes | Spain | Lieutenant General | Blue Division (250. Infantry Division) | 13 December 1942 | — |  |
| Yamamoto, IsorokuIsoroku Yamamoto | Japan | Fleet Admiral | Commander-in-chief of the IJN Combined Fleet | 27 May 1943* | Awarded Swords 27 May 1943 | |
| Teodorini, CorneliuCorneliu Teodorini | Romania | Brigadier General (General de brigadă)[9] | 6th Cavalry Division | 8 December 1943 | — |  |
| Dumitrescu, PetrePetre Dumitrescu | Romania | Lieutenant General (General de armată)[10] | 3rd Romanian Army | 4 April 1944 | — |  |
| Koga, MineichiMineichi Koga | Japan | Fleet Admiral | Japanese Chief of Fleet | 12 May 1944* | Killed in action 31 March 1944[11] |  |
| Mannerheim, Baron Carl Gustaf EmilBaron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim | Finland | Marshal of Finland | President and Commander-in-chief of Finnish Defense Forces | 5 August 1944 | — |  |
| Degrelle, LéonLéon Degrelle | Belgium | SS-Sturmbannführer | 5. SS-Freiw.-Sturm-Brig. "Wallonien" | 27 August 1944 | — |  |
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross is based on the enactment Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 1573 of 1 September 1939 Verordnung über die Erneuerung des Eisernen Kreuzes (Regulation of the renewing of the Iron Cross).
| Name | Country | Rank | Unit | Date of award | Notes | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antonescu, IonIon Antonescu | Romania | General | Commander-in-chief of the Military of Romania | 6 August 1941 | — |  |
| Carolis, Ugo deUgo de Carolis | Italy | Brigadier General (Generale di Brigata) | Italian 52nd Motorised Division Torino | 9 February 1942* | Killed in action 12 December 1941[12] |  |
| Cavallero, UgoUgo Cavallero | Italy | General (Generale di Corpo d'Armata designato d'Armata | Chief of the Italian Supreme Command | 14 February 1942 | — |  |
| Dragalina, CorneliuCorneliu Dragalina | Romania | Lieutenant General | Romanian 6th Army Corps | 6 August 1942 | — |  |
| Dumitrache, IoanIoan Dumitrache | Romania | Major General | 2nd Romanian Mountain Division | 21 November 1942 | — |  |
| Dumitrescu, PetrePetre Dumitrescu | Romania | Lieutenant General (General de armată)[10] | 3rd Romanian Army | 1 September 1942 | Awarded Oak Leaves 4 April 1944 | |
| Esteban Infantes, EmilioEmilio Esteban Infantes | Spain | Lieutenant General | Blue Division (250. Infantry Division) | 3 October 1943 | — |  |
| Fecia di Cossato, CarloCarlo Fecia di Cossato | Italy | Frigate Captain (Capitano di Fregata) | Italian submarine Enrico Tazzoli | 19 March 1943 | — | .jpg) |
| Gariboldi, ItaloItalo Gariboldi | Italy | General (Generale di Corpo d'Armata designato d'Armata) | 8th Italian Army | 1 April 1943 | — |  |
| Gazzana-Priaroggia, GianfrancoGianfranco Gazzana-Priaroggia | Italy | Corvette Captain (Capitano di Corvetta) | Italian submarine Archimede | 26 May 1943* | Killed in action 24 May 1943[13] |  |
| Gheorghiu, ErmilErmil Gheorghiu | Romania | Major General (General de escadră)[14] | General Staff of the Romanian Air Force | 4 April 1944 | — | .jpg) |
| Giorgis, Fedele deFedele de Giorgis[Note 2] | Italy | Major General (Generale di Divisione) | Italian 55 Infantry Division Savona | 9 January 1942 | — |  |
| Grossi, EnzoEnzo Grossi | Italy | Frigate Captain (Capitano di Fregata) | Italian submarine Barbargio | 7 October 1942 | — |  |
| Heinrichs, ErikErik Heinrichs | Finland | General of the Infantry | Chief of Finnish General Staff | 5 August 1944 | — | .jpg) |
| Heszlényi, József VitézJózsef Vitéz Heszlényi | Hungary | Field Marshal-Lieutenant | 3rd Hungarian Army | 28 October 1944 | — | — |
| von Horthy und von Nagybánya, NikolausNikolaus von Horthy und von Nagybánya | Hungary | Admiral | Commander-in-chief of the Military of Hungary | 10 September 1941 | — |  |
| Hristea, Ioan L.Ioan L. Hristea | Romania | Colonel | Romanian 2nd Călărași Cavalry Regiment | 28 March 1943 | — | — |
| Ibrányi, Mihály vonMihály von Ibrányi | Hungary | Field Marshal-Lieutenant | Hungarian Cavalry Division | 26 November 1944 | — | — |
| Jány, Gusztáv VitézGusztáv Vitéz Jány | Hungary | Colonel General | 2nd Hungarian Army | 31 March 1943 | — |  |
| Ionescu, EmanoilEmanoil Ionescu | Romania | Major General | Commander of the Romanian Air Force's Corpul I Aerian | 10 May 1944[Note 3] | — |  |
| Koga, MineichiMineichi Koga | Japan | Fleet Admiral | Japanese Chief of Fleet | 12 May 1944* | Oak Leaves 12 May 1944 | |
| Korne, RaduRadu Korne | Romania | Colonel | Romanian 8th Cavalry Division | 18 December 1942 | — | |
| Lakatos Edler de Csíkszentsimon, Geza VitézGeza Vitéz Lakatos Edler de Csíkszentsimon | Hungary | Colonel General | 1st Hungarian Army | 24 May 1944 | — | — |
| Lascar, MihailMihail Lascar | Romania | Brigadier General (General de brigadă)[8] | Romanian 1st Mountain Brigade | 18 January 1942 | Awarded Oak Leaves 22 November 1942 | |
| László, DezsőDezső László | Hungary | Colonel General | 1st Hungarian Army | 3 March 1945 | — |  |
| Macellariu, HoriaHoria Macellariu | Romania | Counter Admiral | Romanian Naval Forces | 21 May 1944 | — | |
| Malár, AugustínAugustín Malár | Slovakia | Generálmajor | Slovak Fast Division | 23 January 1942 | — |  |
| Mannerheim, Baron Carl Gustaf EmilBaron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim | Finland | Field Marshal | Commander-in-chief of the Finnish Defense Forces | 30 August 1941 | Awarded Oak Leaves 5 August 1944 | |
| Manoliu, GheorgheGheorghe Manoliu | Romania | Divisions-General | 4th Romanian Mountain Division | 30 August 1942 | — | — |
| Martinat, GiulioGiulio Martinat | Italy | Brigadier General (Generale di Brigata) | Staff of the Italian Alpini-Corps | 3 April 1943* | Killed in action 26 January 1943[16] |  |
| Messe, GiovanniGiovanni Messe | Italy | Lieutenant General (Generale di Corpo d'Armata) | Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia | 23 January 1942 | — |  |
| Miklós de Dálnok, Béla VitézBéla Vitéz Miklós de Dálnok | Hungary | Field Marshal-Lieutenant | Hungarian Fast Corps | 4 December 1941 | — | — |
| Mociulschi, LeonardLeonard Mociulschi | Romania | Major General | 3rd Romanian Mountain Division | 19 December 1943 | — | — |
| Muñoz Grandes, AgustínAgustín Muñoz Grandes | Spain | Lieutenant General | Blue Division (250. Infantry Division) | 12 March 1942 | Awarded Oak Leaves 13 December 1942 | |
| Pălăghiţă, IoanIoan Pălăghiţă | Romania | Major | Romanian I./Infantry Regiment 94 | 7 April 1943 | — | — |
| Racoviţă, Ioan MihailIoan Mihail Racoviţă | Romania | General of the Cavalry | 4th Romanian Army | 8 July 1944 | — |  |
| Rădulescu, EdgarEdgar Rădulescu | Romania | Brigadier General | 11th Romanian Infantry Division | 3 July 1944 | — | — |
| Răscănescu, GheorgheGheorghe Răscănescu | Romania | Major | Romanian I./Infantry Regiment 15 | 4 December 1942 | — |  |
| Szügyi, Zoltán C. VitézZoltán C. Vitéz Szügyi | Hungary | Colonel | Hungarian Infantry Division Szent László | 12 January 1945 | — |  |
| TataranuNicolae Tătăranu | Romania | Major General | 20th Romanian Infantry Division | 17 December 1942 | — | — |
| Teodorini, CorneliuCorneliu Teodorini | Romania | Colonel | 6th Cavalry Division | 27 August 1943 | Awarded Oak Leaves 8 December 1943 | — |
| Turanec, JozefJozef Turanec | Slovakia | Generálmajor | Slovak Fast Division | 7 August 1942 | — | — |
| Yamamoto, IsorokuIsoroku Yamamoto | Japan | Fleet Admiral | Commander-in-chief of the IJN Combined Fleet | 27 May 1943* | Awarded Oak Leaves 27 May 1943 Awarded Swords 27 May 1943 | |
Notes
- ↑ Léon Degrelle from Belgium had received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross while subordinated to the Wehrmacht. Degrelle had received the Knight's Cross as SS-Hauptsturmführer der Reserve and leader of the 5. SS-Freiwilligen-Brigade "Wallonien" on 20 February 1944.[1]
- ↑ According to Scherzer name is spelled Fedele Degiorgis while Fellgiebel had listed him as Fedele di Giorgio.[1]
- ↑ According to Scherzer on 28 April 1944.[15]
References
Citations
- 1 2 Scherzer 2007, p. 268.
- ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 112.
- ↑ "Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I S. 1573; 1 September 1939" (PDF). ALEX Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (in German). Reichsministerium des Inneren (Ministry of the Interior). Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ↑ "Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I S. 849; 3 June 1940" (PDF). ALEX Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (in German). Reichsministerium des Inneren (Ministry of the Interior). Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ↑ "Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I S. 613; 28 September 1941" (PDF). ALEX Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (in German). Reichsministerium des Inneren (Ministry of the Interior). Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ↑ "Reichsgesetzblatt 1945 I S. 11; 29 December 1944" (PDF). ALEX Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (in German). Reichsministerium des Inneren (Ministry of the Interior). Retrieved 21 February 2008.
- ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 801.
- 1 2 Scherzer 2007, p. 495.
- ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 739.
- 1 2 Scherzer 2007, p. 284.
- ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 462.
- ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 257.
- ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 328.
- ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 332.
- ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 413.
- ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 528.
Bibliography
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
External links
- "Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes". Lexikon der Wehrmacht (in German). Retrieved 2 January 2011.
- "Das Bundesarchiv". Military Archive - Freiburg im Breisgau. Retrieved 2 January 2011.