List of heads of state of Argentina

President of the Argentine Nation Presidente de la Nación Argentina
Presidential Standard
Incumbent Mauricio Macri since 10 December 2015
Style	Excelentísimo Señor (m) Excelentísima Señora (f)
Residence	Casa Rosada (government office) Quinta de Olivos (official) Chapadmalal Residence (Summer House)
Term length	Four years, renewable once
Inaugural holder	Bernardino Rivadavia
Formation	first: 1826 Constitution current: 1853 Constitution, (amended in 1994).
Salary	77,855.65 Argentine pesos[1] (as of February 2016)
Website	Office of the President

Argentina has had many different types of heads of state, as well as many different types of government throughout its history. During Pre-Columbian times the territories that are today Argentina was inhabited by nomadic tribes, without any defined government. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the King of Spain retained the ultimate authority over the territories conquered in the New World, appointing viceroys for local government. The territories that would later become Argentina were first part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, and then the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The May Revolution started the Argentine War of Independence by replacing the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the first national government. It was the Primera Junta, a junta of several members, which would grow into the Junta Grande with the incorporation of provincial deputies. The size of the Juntas gave room to internal political disputes among their members, so they were replaced by the First and Second Triumvirate, of three members. The Assembly of the Year XIII created a new executive authority, with attributions similar to that of a head of state, called the Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. A second Assembly, the Congress of Tucumán, declared independence in 1816 and promulgated the Argentine Constitution of 1819. However, this constitution was repealed during armed conflicts between the central government and the Federal League Provinces. This started a period known as the Anarchy of the Year XX, when Argentina lacked any type of head of state.

There was a new attempt to organize a central government in 1826. A new congress wrote a new constitution, and elected Bernardino Rivadavia as president in the process.^[2] Thus Rivadavia was the first president of Argentina. However, he resigned shortly after, and the 1826 constitution was repealed. The Argentine provinces then organized themselves as a confederation, without a central head of state. In this organization, the governors of Buenos Aires province took some duties such as the payment of external debt or the administration of the foreign relations in the name of all provinces.^[3] Those governors were appointed by the Buenos Aires legislature, with the only exception of Juan Lavalle. Juan Manuel de Rosas kept the governor office for seventeen consecutive years, until Justo José de Urquiza defeated him at the 1852 Battle of Caseros. Urquiza then called for a new Constitutional Assembly, and promulgated the Argentine Constitution of 1853, which is the current Constitution of Argentina through amendments. In 1854, Urquiza became the first President of modern Argentina, acting both as head of government and head of state.^[4] However, the Buenos Aires Province had rejected the Constitution and became an independent state until the aftermath of the 1859 Battle of Cepeda, although the internecine conflict continued. Only after the subsequent Battle of Pavón, in 1861, the former bonaerense leader Bartolomé Mitre became the first president of an unified Argentine Republic.^[5]

The succession line of constitutional presidents run uninterrupted until 1930, when José Félix Uriburu took government through a civico-military coup d'état. For many decades, there was an alternance between legitimate Presidents and others that took government through illegitimate means. Those means included coups, but also proscriptions of major political parties^[6] and electoral fraud.^[6][7] The last coup was the National Reorganization Process, which left government in 1983. The retrospective recognition as presidents or heads of state of any de facto ruler that exercised its authority outside the Constitutional mandate is a controversial and relevant issue in Argentine politics.^[8][9][10] However, their government actions were recognized as valid following the de facto government doctrine that used to legitimize them.^[11] This doctrine was rejected by the 1994 amendment, and wouldn't be applicable for potential future coups. The current head of state is President Mauricio Macri, who took office on 10 December 2015.

War of independence

Junta presidents

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office	Notes	Refs
	Cornelio Saavedra (1759–1829)	25 May 1810 – 26 August 1811	President of the Primera Junta and the Junta Grande, at the beginning of the Argentine War of Independence. Left to serve in the Army of the North. He is regarded as the first president of a national government.[12]	[13]
	Domingo Matheu (1765–1831)	26 August 1811 – 23 September 1811	President of the Junta Grande, from Saavedra's departure to the dissolution of it.	[14]

Triumvirates

Members (Births–Deaths) Tenure
First Triumvirate
Feliciano Chiclana (1761–1826)	Manuel de Sarratea (1774–1849)	Juan José Paso (1758–1833)	Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (1776–1850)
23 September 1811 – 8 October 1812	23 September 1811 – 8 October 1812	23 September 1811 – 23 March 1812	23 March 1812 – 8 October 1812
—		Resigned	Replaced Paso
Second Triumvirate
Juan José Paso (1758–1833)	Nicolás Rodríguez Peña (1775–1853)	Antonio Álvarez Jonte (1784–1820)	Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (1757–1833)
8 October 1812 – 31 January 1814	8 October 1812 – 31 January 1814	8 October 1812 – 19 August 1813	19 August 1813 – 31 January 1814
—		Resigned	Replaced Álvarez Jonte

Supreme directors

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office	Notes	Refs
	Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (1757–1833)	31 January 1814 – 9 January 1815	Chosen by the Assembly of the Year 1813.	[15]
	Carlos María de Alvear (1789–1852)	9 January 1815 – 18 April 1815	Forced to resign by a mutiny	[16]
	José Rondeau (1773–1844)	20 April 1815 – 21 April 1815	Appointed successor of Alvear, could not take office because he was in command of the Army of the North	[17]
	Ignacio Álvarez Thomas (1787–1857)	21 April 1815 – 16 April 1816	Acting, for Rondeau. Convened the Congress of Tucumán, that would declare Independence.	[18]
	Antonio González de Balcarce (1774–1819)	16 April 1816 – 9 July 1816	Interim	[19]
	Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (1776–1850)	9 July 1816 – 9 June 1819	First Argentine Head of State after the Argentine Declaration of Independence. Supported the Crossing of the Andes.	[20]
	José Rondeau (1773–1844)	9 June 1819 – 11 February 1820	Decisively defeated at the Battle of Cepeda by Federalist forces opposed to the 1819 centralist Constitution.	[21]
	Juan Pedro Aguirre (1781–1837)	11 February 1820 – 16 February 1820	Interim. Dissolved the National Congress and endorsed the Buenos Aires Cabildo to choose a Governor for Buenos Aires Province.

Between 1820 and 1826, the United Provinces functioned as a loose alliance of autonomous provinces put together by pacts and treaties (v.g. Treaty of Pilar, Treaty of Benegas, Quadrilateral Treaty) but lacking any actual central government until the 1825 Constitutional Congress.

First presidential government

#	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office — Political party		Notes	Refs
1		Bernardino Rivadavia (1780–1845)	8 February 1826	7 July 1827	Elected by the Constituent Assembly of 1826, before the promulgation of the 1826 constitution.[2] Waged the Cisplatine War. Resigned as the Constitution was rejected by the provinces and the outcome of the war generated popular discontent.	[2]^:23–32
			Unitarian
2		Vicente López y Planes (1785–1856)	7 July 1827	18 August 1827	Elected as interim president by the Constituent Assembly of 1826. His mandate was limited to close the Assembly and call for elections for a new governor of Buenos Aires.	[2]

Governors managing international relations

	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office — Political party		Notes	Refs
		Manuel Dorrego (1787–1828)	18 August 1827	13 December 1828	Governor of Buenos Aires Province. Ended the Cisplatine War. Deposed and executed by Juan Lavalle.	[22]
			Federal
		Juan Lavalle (1797–1841)	13 December 1828	26 August 1829	Governor of Buenos Aires Province. Coup d'état. Defeated in battle, resigned under siege	[23]
			Unitarian
		Juan José Viamonte (1774–1843)	26 August 1829	5 December 1829	Interim Governor of Buenos Aires Province.	[24]
			Federal
		Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793–1877)	6 December 1829	5 December 1832	Governor of Buenos Aires Province. First term. Convened the Federal Pact and waged war against the Unitarian League. Resigned.	[25]
			Federal
		Juan Ramón Balcarce (1773–1836)	17 December 1832	5 November 1833	Governor of Buenos Aires Province. Ousted by the Revolution of the Restorers.	[26]
			Federal
		Juan José Viamonte (1774–1843)	5 November 1833	1 October 1834	Interim Governor of Buenos Aires Province.	[27]
			Federal
		Manuel Vicente Maza (1779–1839)	1 October 1834	7 March 1835	Interim Governor of Buenos Aires Province.	[28]
			Federal
		Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793–1877)	7 March 1835	3 February 1852	Governor of Buenos Aires Province with the sum of public power. Waged the Argentine and Uruguayan Civil Wars, the War of the Confederation and the French and Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata. Designated "Supreme Chief of the Argentine Confederation" in 1851. Defeated by Justo José de Urquiza at the Battle of Caseros.	[29]
			Federal
		Justo José de Urquiza (1801–1870)	3 February 1852	5 March 1854	Governor of Entre Ríos Province. Governed as "Provisional Director of the Argentine Confederation", from which Buenos Aires Province seceded on 11 September 1852.
			Federal

Presidents

#	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office — Political party		Elections	Notes	Refs
3		Justo José de Urquiza (1801–1870)	5 March 1854	5 March 1860	1854	Elected by the electoral college. President of the Argentine Confederation. The reincoporation of the State of Buenos Aires was negotiated after the 1859 Battle of Cepeda. First constitutional President of Argentina.	[30]
			Federal
4		Santiago Derqui (1809–1867)	5 March 1860	4 November 1861	1860	Indirect elections. On October 18, 1860, a Constitutional reform is adopted, proclaiming the Argentine Republic. Resigned after the national government lost the Battle of Pavón to the State of Buenos Aires.	[31]
			Federal
5		Juan Esteban Pedernera (1796–1886)	4 November 1861	12 December 1861	-	Vice-president under Derqui, assumed the presidency after his resignation. Resigned on the dissolution of the national government.	[31]
6		Bartolomé Mitre (1821–1906)	12 December 1861	12 October 1862	-	Won the Battle of Pavón as Governor of the State of Buenos Aires. Therefore became Acting President and Provincial Governor after rejoining the country, confirmed by the National Congress in May 1862.	[32]
			12 October 1862	12 October 1868	1862	Indirect elections. First president of the unified country. Waged the War of the Triple Alliance.
			Liberal Party (PL)
7		Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811–1888)	12 October 1868	12 October 1874	1868	Indirect elections. Ended the War of the Triple Alliance.	[32]
8		Nicolás Avellaneda (1837–1885)	12 October 1874	12 October 1880	1874	Indirect elections. Federalization of Buenos Aires City in September 1880.	[32]
			National Party (PN)
9		Julio Argentino Roca (1843–1914)	12 October 1880	12 October 1886	1880	Indirect elections. First term.	[33]
			National Autonomist Party (PAN)
10		Miguel Juárez Celman (1844–1909)	12 October 1886	6 August 1890	1886	Indirect elections. Resigned following the Revolution of the Park.	[34]
			PAN – PN
11		Carlos Pellegrini (1846–1906)	6 August 1890	12 October 1892	-	Vice-president under Juárez Celman, assumed the presidency after his resignation.	[34]
			PAN
12		Luis Sáenz Peña (1822–1907)	12 October 1892	22 January 1895	1892	Indirect elections. Resigned.	[35]
			PAN
13		José Evaristo Uriburu (1831–1914)	22 January 1895	12 October 1898	-	Vice-president under Sáenz Peña, assumed the presidency after his resignation.	[35]
			PAN
14		Julio Argentino Roca (1843–1914)	12 October 1898	12 October 1904	1898	Indirect elections. Second term.	[36]
			PAN
15		Manuel Quintana (1835–1906)	12 October 1904	25 January 1906	1904	Indirect elections. Resigned for health reasons, died two months later.	[37]
			PAN
16		José Figueroa Alcorta (1860–1931)	25 January 1906	12 October 1910	-	Vice-president under Quintana, assumed the presidency after his resignation.	[37]
			PAN
17		Roque Sáenz Peña (1851–1914)	12 October 1910	9 August 1914	1910	Indirect elections. Promoted the Sáenz Peña law, which allowed secret, universal and mandatory suffrage. Died in office.	[38]
			PAN – Modernist
18		Victorino de la Plaza (1840–1919)	9 August 1914	12 October 1916	-	Vice-president under Sáenz Peña, assumed the presidency after his death.	[38]
			PAN
19		Hipólito Yrigoyen (1852–1933)	12 October 1916	12 October 1922	1916	Free indirect elections. First president elected under the Sáenz Peña law. First term. Maintained neutrality during World War I.	[39]
			Radical Civic Union (UCR)
20		Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear (1868–1942)	12 October 1922	12 October 1928	1922	Free indirect elections.	[39]
			UCR
21		Hipólito Yrigoyen (1852–1933)	12 October 1928	6 September 1930	1928	Free indirect elections. Second term, ousted from office by a civico-military coup.	[40]
			UCR
22		José Félix Uriburu (1868–1932)	6 September 1930	20 February 1932	-	First coup d'etat in modern Argentine history. Beginning of the Infamous Decade.	[41]
			Military
23		Agustín Pedro Justo (1876–1943)	20 February 1932	20 February 1938	1931	Indirect elections held with fraud, the UCR was proscribed.[6]	[42]
			Concordancia
24		Roberto María Ortiz (1886–1942)	20 February 1938	27 June 1942	1937	Indirect elections held with fraud.[7] Died in office.	[7]^:136–155
			UCRA – Concordancia
25		Ramón Castillo (1873–1944)	27 June 1942	4 June 1943	-	Vice-president under Ortiz, assumed the presidency after his death. Deposed in a coup d'état. End of the Infamous Decade.	[7]
			PDN – Concordancia
26		Arturo Rawson (1885–1952)	4 June 1943	7 June 1943	-	Coup d'état. Beginning of the Revolution of '43. Ousted from office.[43]	[7]
			Military
27		Pedro Pablo Ramírez (1884–1962)	7 June 1943	9 March 1944	-	Coup d'état. Ousted from office.	[7]
			Military
28		Edelmiro Julián Farrell (1887–1980)	11 March 1944	4 June 1946	-	Coup d'état. Declared war to the Axis powers. Called elections. End of the Revolution of '43.	[7]
			Military
29		Juan Domingo Perón (1895–1974)	4 June 1946	4 June 1952	1946	Free indirect elections. First term. Reelection enabled by the Constitution of 1949.	[44]
			Laborista (Labour) Party
			4 June 1952	20 September 1955	1951	Free direct elections. Second term. First election to allow women's suffrage. Victory with 62.49% of votes, highest victory in Argentine elections. Ousted from office by a military coup.
			Justicialist Party (PJ)
30		Eduardo Lonardi (1896–1956)	23 September 1955	13 November 1955	-	Coup d'etat. Beginning of the Revolución Libertadora. Ousted from office.	[45]
			Military
31		Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (1903–1970)	13 November 1955	1 May 1958	-	Coup d'état. The 1949 Constitution is repealed and the 1853 Constitution is restored. Call for elections with Peronism proscribed. End of the Revolución Libertadora.	[45]
			Military
32		Arturo Frondizi (1908–1995)	1 May 1958	29 March 1962	1958	Indirect elections with Peronism proscribed. Ousted from office by a military coup.	[46]
			UCRI
33		José María Guido (1910–1975)	29 March 1962	12 October 1963	-	Provisional President of the Senate, acting as president since the removal of Frondizi, as the civil procedures to replace the deposed president were followed and Vice President Alejandro Gómez had resigned in 1958.[47]	[46]
			UCRI
34		Arturo Umberto Illia (1900–1983)	12 October 1963	28 June 1966	1963	Indirect elections with Peronism proscribed. Ousted from office by a military coup.	[48]
			UCRP
35		Juan Carlos Onganía (1914–1995)	29 June 1966	8 June 1970	-	Coup d'état. First ruler of the Revolución Argentina. Ousted from office.	[48]
			Military
36		Roberto M. Levingston (1920–2015)	8 June 1970	23 May 1971	-	Coup d'état. Ousted from office.	[48]
			Military
37		Alejandro A. Lanusse (1918–1996)	26 May 1971	25 May 1973	-	Coup d'état. Last ruler of the Revolución Argentina. Called for elections. Peronism proscription lifted.
			Military
38		Héctor José Cámpora (1909–1980)	25 May 1973	13 July 1973	1973	Free direct elections. First Peronist president after the proscription. Cámpora annulled the proscription that remained specifically over Juan Perón, and resigned. The Vice President, Vicente Solano Lima, resigned with him.	[49]
			PJ – FJL
39		Raúl Alberto Lastiri (1915–1978)	13 July 1973	12 October 1973	-	Interim. President of the Chamber of Deputies, assumed the presidency after Cámpora's and Solano Lima's resignations. Alejandro Díaz Bialet, President of the Senate and ahead of Lastiri in the succession line, was on a diplomatic mission in Africa at that time.[50]	[49]
			PJ
40		Juan Domingo Perón (1895–1974)	12 October 1973	1 July 1974	1973	Free direct elections. Third term. Died in office.	[49]
			PJ
41		Isabel Martínez de Perón (1931–)	1 July 1974	24 March 1976	-	Vice-president of Juan Perón, assumed the presidency after his death. First female president in the Americas. Ousted from office by a military coup.	[51]
			PJ
42		Jorge Rafael Videla (1925–2013)	29 March 1976	29 March 1981	-	Coup d'état. President of the Military Junta. First ruler of the National Reorganization Process. Longest government of a de facto ruler.	[52]
			Military
43		Roberto Eduardo Viola (1924–1994)	29 March 1981	12 December 1981	-	Appointed by Videla as President of the Military Junta. Ousted from office.	[52]
			Military
44		Leopoldo Galtieri (1926–2003)	22 December 1981	17 June 1982	-	Coup d'état. President of the Military Junta. Waged the Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra del Atlántico Sur). Ousted from office.	[52]
			Military
45		Reynaldo Bignone (1928–)	1 July 1982	10 December 1983	-	Coup d'état. Last ruler of the National Reorganization Process. Called for elections.	[52]
			Military
46		Raúl Alfonsín (1927–2009)	10 December 1983	8 July 1989	1983	Free indirect elections. The 1989 presidential elections were anticipated. Alfonsín resigned during the transition and gave power to Carlos Menem six months in advance.	[53]
			UCR
47		Carlos Menem (1930–)	8 July 1989	8 July 1995	1989	Free indirect elections. First term. The 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution reduced the presidential term to four years and allowed a single consecutive reelection.	[54]
			8 July 1995	10 December 1999	1995	Free direct elections. Second term.
			PJ
48		Fernando de la Rúa (1937–)	10 December 1999	20 December 2001	1999	Free direct elections. Faced a severe economic crisis. Resigned after the December 2001 riots. Because his Vice-president Carlos Álvarez had resigned in October 2000 the Congress Assembled selected a new President.	[55]
			UCR – Alianza
-		Ramón Puerta (1951–)	20 December 2001	22 December 2001	-	Provisional President of the Senate exercised the Executive Power interim.
			PJ
49		Adolfo Rodríguez Saá (1947–)	22 December 2001	30 December 2001	-	Elected by the Congress Assembled for three months, with instructions to call for elections. Resigned.	[56]
			PJ
-		Eduardo Camaño (1946–)	30 December 2001	2 January 2002	-	President of the Chamber of Deputies was in charge interim.
			PJ
50		Eduardo Duhalde (1941–)	2 January 2002	25 May 2003	-	Elected by the Congress Assembled, with instructions to complete De la Rúa's term. Called early elections for 27 April 2003.	[56]
			PJ
51		Néstor Kirchner (1950–2010)	25 May 2003	10 December 2007	2003	Free direct elections. The law that allowed Duhalde to resign gave the new president both the four-year mandate and the remaining months of De la Rúa's term. Kirchner lost the first round to Carlos Menem, but the latter forfeited the second round that should have followed.	[57]
			PJ – FPV
52		Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (1953–)	10 December 2007	10 December 2011	2007	Free direct elections. First term. First female president of Argentina elected as head of the list.	[58]
			10 December 2011	10 December 2015	2011	Free direct elections. Second term. By judicial ruling, her mandate ended 10 December 2015 at 0:00 hs. Provisional President of the Senate Federico Pinedo was in charge interim for 12 hours.
			PJ – FPV
53		Mauricio Macri (1959–)	10 December 2015	Incumbent	2015	Free direct elections. First president elected in a ballotage, defeating Daniel Scioli.
			PRO – Cambiemos

Timeline of Head of States of Argentina by affiliation

↓May
Revolution

↓Declaration of
Independence

↓End of
central gvt.

↓First
President

↓Federal Pact

↓1853 Constitution

↓The State of Buenos Aires
rejoins Argentina

↓Federalization of
Buenos Aires City

↓Revolution of the Park

↓Argentina Centennial

Directors

Rosas

Urquiza

Mitre

Sarmiento

Avellaneda

Roca

Roca

│

1810

│

1820

│

1830

│

1840

│

1850

│

1860

│

1870

│

1880

│

1890

│

1900

│

1910

↓Secret ballot

↓First modern
Coup d'état

↓17 October 1945

↓Women's suffrage

↓"Revolución
Libertadora"

↓"Argentine
Revolution"

↓Return
of Perón

↓"National
Reorganization
Process"

↓Falklands War

↓Constitutional reform

↓2001 Crisis

↓Argentina Bicentennial

Yrigoyen

Justo

Perón

Alfonsín

Menem

Kirchner

CFK

│

1910

│

1920

│

1930

│

1940

│

1950

│

1960

│

1970

│

1980

│

1990

│

2000

│

2010

↓First Ballotage

CFK

Macri

│

2010

│

2020

│

2030

│

2040

│

2050

│

2060

│

2070

│

2080

│

2090

│

2100

│

2110

Affiliation Keys

Colour key
Unitarian (19th Century Centralists)   Federal (19th Century Federalists)   Liberal - (19th Century Liberals)   National Autonomist Party (1874–1916)   Radicals - UCR (founded 1891), UCR-A (1924–1946), UCRI (1956–1972), UCRP (1957–1972), Alianza (UCR, FREPASO) (1997–2001)   Concordance - Concordancia (UCR-A, PSI, PDN) (1931–1943)   Peronists - Laborista (Labour) Party (1945–1947), PJ (founded 1947), FJL (1972–1974), FPV (since 2003)   Cambiemos (PRO, UCR, CC-ARI) (since 2015)   Military (Acting on behalf of the Armed Forces)
Party abbreviations
Alianza	Alianza por el Trabajo, la Justicia y la Educación	Alliance for Work, Justice and Education (1997–2001) (UCR, FREPASO)
Aut	Partido Autonomista	Autonomist Party (1862–1874)
Camb	Cambiemos	Let's Change (since 2015) (PRO, UCR, CC-ARI)
Conc	Concordancia	Concordance (1931–1943) (UCR-A, PSI, PDN)
Fed	Federal	19th Century Federals
FJL	Frente Justicialista de Liberación Nacional (FREJULI)	Justicialist Front for National Liberation (1972–1974)
FPV	Frente para la Victoria	Front for Victory (since 2003)
Lab	Partido Laborista	Labour Party (1945–1947)
Lib	Liberal	19th Century Liberals
Mil	Military	Acting on behalf of the Armed Forces
Mod	Partido Autonomista Nacional (línea modernista)	National Autonomist Party -Modernist (1892–1916)
PAN	Partido Autonomista Nacional	National Autonomist Party (1874–1916)
PDN	Partido Demócrata Nacional	National Democratic Party (1931–1955)
PJ	Partido Justicialista	Justicialist Party (founded 1947)
PRO	Propuesta Republicana	Republican Proposal (founded 2005)
UCR	Unión Cívica Radical	Radical Civic Union (founded 1891)
UCR-A	UCR Antipersonalista	Anti-Yrigoyenist UCR (1924–1946)
UCRI	Unión Cívica Radical Intransigente	Radical Civic Union -Intransigent (1956–1972)
UCRP	Unión Cívica Radical del Pueblo	Radical Civic Union of the People (1957–1972)
Unitarian	Unitario	19th Century Centralists

See also

• President of Argentina
• Politics of Argentina
• List of Vice-Presidents of Argentina
• Lists of incumbents

Bibliography

• Mendelevich, Pablo (2010). El Final (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones B. ISBN 978-987-627-166-0.
• Rosa, José María (1974). Historia Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Oriente S.A.
• Abal Medina (h.), Juan; Suárez Cao, Julieta (August 2003). "Análisis crítico del sistema electoral argentino. Evolución histórica y desempeño efectivo". Revista de Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish) (Bernal: National University of Quilmes) 14.

References

1. Iván Ruiz and Maia Jastreblansky (February 11, 2016). "El primer sueldo de Mauricio Macri como Presidente: $131.421 brutos" [The first salary of Mauricio Macri as president: $ 131,421 gross] (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
2. Mendelevich, p. 28
3. Mendelevich, p. 33
4. Mendelevich, p. 24
5. Mendelevich, p. 46
6. Mendelevich, p. 130—131
7. Mendelevich, p. 136
8. Braslavsky, Guido (25 September 2008). "Alfonsín vuelve a la Casa Rosada para inaugurar su propia estatua" [Alfonsín returns to the Casa Rosada to open his own statue] (in Spanish). Clarín (newspaper). Retrieved November 7, 2010.
9. "Quieren quitar los nombres de militares de las calles" [They want to removemilitary names from the streets] (in Spanish). El Argentino. 21 November 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
10. Ginzberg, Victoria (19 January 2003). "Los protocolos y las decisiones políticas" [Protocols and political rulings] (in Spanish). Página/12. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
11. Groisman, Enrique. "Los gobiernos de facto en el derecho argentino" [De facto governments in Argentine law] (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro de estudios políticos y constitucionales. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
12. "Buenos Aires, diciembre 16 de 1829.- El primer comandante de Patricios, el primer presidente de un gobierno patrio, pudo sólo quedar olvidado en su fallecimiento por las circunstancias calamitosas en que el país se hallaba. Después que ellas han terminado, sería una ingratitud negar a ciudadano tan eminente el tributo de honor rendido a su mérito, y a una vida ilustrada con tantas virtudes, que supo consagrar entera al servicio de su patria. El gobierno, para cumplir un deber tan sagrado, acuerda y decreta: Artículo 1º: En el cementerio del Norte se levantará, por cuenta del gobierno, un monumento en que se depositarán los restos del brigadier general D. Cornelio Saavedra. Artículo 2º: Se archivará en la Biblioteca Pública un manuscrito autógrafo del mismo brigadier general, con arreglo a lo que previene el decreto de 6 de octubre de 1821. Artículo 3º: Comuníquese y publíquese. Rosas – Tomás Guido".
13. Rosa, vol. II, p.199-306
14. Rosa, vol. II, p. 306-319
15. Rosa, Vol. III, p. 75-114
16. Rosa, vol. III, p. 114-129
17. Rosa, vol. III, p. 143
18. Rosa, vol. III, p. 143-160
19. Rosa, vol. III, p. 160
20. Rosa, vol. III, p. 161-242
21. Rosa, vol. III, p. 242-253
22. Rosa, vol. V, p.73-97
23. Rosa, vol. IV, p.97-117
24. Rosa, vol. IV, p 127-129
25. Rosa, vol. IV, p. 129-171
26. Rosa. vol. IV, p. 186-196
27. Rosa, vol. IV, p. 198-204
28. Rosa, vol. IV, p. 206-213
29. Rosa, vol. IV p. 219 - vol. V p. 489
30. Mendelevich, p. 38-41
31. Mendelevich, p. 42-45
32. Mendelevich, p.46-52
33. Mendelevich, p. 53-56
34. Mendelevich, p. 57-65
35. Mendelevich, p. 66-72
36. Mendelevich, p. 73-79
37. Mendelevich, p. 80-88
38. Mendelevich, p. 89-101
39. Mendelevich, p. 102-112
40. Mendelevich, p. 113-125
41. Mendelevich, p. 126-129
42. Mendelevich, p. 130-135
43. Mendelevich, p. 145
44. Mendelevich, p. 156-176
45. Mendelevich, p. 177-186
46. Mendelevich, p. 187-195
47. Mendelevich, p. 193
48. Mendelevich, p. 196-214
49. Mendelevich, p. 215-228
50. Mendelevich, p. 223
51. Mendelevich, p. 229-235
52. Mendelevich, p. 236-241
53. Mendelevich, p. 242-245
54. Mendelevich, p. 247-252
55. Mendelevich, p. 253-262
56. Mendelevich, p. 263-277
57. Mendelevich, p. 278-282
58. Mendelevich, p. 283-292

External links

• Rulers.org — Argentina list of rulers for Argentina