List of human crushes

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

This is a list of notable human stampedes and crushes. Many such accidents are also in list of accidents and disasters by death toll.

World Crowd Disaster Map

18th century

19th century

Estimated Deaths Date Name Nat. Principal victims
100 March 29, 1809 Ponte das Barcas Portugal Hundreds of Portuguese civilians die trying to cross the Ponte das Barcas bridge in a desperate attempt to escape the troops of Marshal Soult, assaulting Oporto in the context of the Napoleonic Wars. The bridge was not able to endure the pressure of the terrorized multitude.
110 February 12, 1823 Convent of the Minori Osservanti Malta 110 children died in a stampede while attempting to leave the Convent of the Minori Osservanti in Valletta, Malta during the Carnival celebrations.[1]
19 October 10, 1872 Ostrów Wielkopolski Synagogue Poland 19 women and children were killed in a stampede and resulting stairs collapse in a synagogue in Ostrów Wielkopolski during the fast of Yom Kippur. Failure of gas lighting engulfed a synagogue balcony (apparently, the women's gallery) in darkness, causing panic among the women.
278 December 5, 1876 Brooklyn Theatre fire USA Crushes on gallery and balcony staircases during the Brooklyn Theatre fire delayed the evacuation of the building, a contributing factor in the deaths of at least 278 individuals.[2]
12 May 30, 1883 Brooklyn Bridge USA 12 people were killed and dozens injured after a woman tripped on the stairway at the Brooklyn Bridge, which had been open for eight days at the time. The crush was exacerbated by fears the bridge was about to collapse.[3]
180 June 16, 1883 Victoria Hall disaster England Over 1,100 children stampeded down the stairs to collect gifts from the entertainers after the end of a variety show in Sunderland.
1389 May 18, 1896 Khodynka Tragedy Russian Empire (Moscow) A crush of those desiring to get presents during the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II – 1,300 more were injured.

20th century

Estimated Deaths Date Name Nation Place Description
115 September 19, 1902 Shiloh Baptist Church disaster USA Birmingham, Alabama The stampede claimed the lives of people attending a convention featuring Booker T. Washington, following a false fire alarm.
602 December 30, 1903 Iroquois Theatre Fire USA Chicago Many people died of crush asphyxiation in the rush to escape.
16 January 11, 1908 Barnsley Public Hall Disaster England Barnsley, South Yorkshire The 16 who died were children.
175 March 4, 1908 Collinwood school fire USA Collinwood, Ohio One rescue worker, two teachers, and 172 children between the ages of five and fifteen were killed. Most of the children were killed in a stairwell when some were trying to escape down the stairs while others, who had found escape impossible that way, were trying to flee up the stairs.
73 December 24, 1913 Italian Hall Disaster USA Calumet, Michigan People were crushed to death, and the event is considered the source for the often-cited legal limit of protected speech, i.e., that one may not falsely shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater.
71 December 31, 1929 Glen Cinema disaster Scotland Paisley The Glen Cinema disaster was caused by a smoking film canister in the cinema. The resulting panic and crush killed 69 children and injured 40; the final death toll was 71.
76 January 8, 1934 Kyoto Railroad Station Tragedy Japan Kyōto Station A crowd of about 10,000 saying farewell to 750 recruits of the Imperial Japanese Navy collapsed at the bottom of a stairway from a viaduct leading over the tracks down to the platform. The number far exceeded the station's capacity.[4]
354 October 23, 1942 unnamed Italy Genoa People were killed by stampede during an attack by the RAF Bomber Command in WWII as they made their way into Galleria delle Grazie, a railway tunnel in use as an air-raid shelter. Rushing down the 150 steps leading underground into the shelter, people fell on top of one another in a crush, accounting for the extremely heavy toll of the stampede.[5]
173 March 3, 1943 Bethnal Green tube station disaster England London People were entering the station during an air-raid alert, and a woman holding a child lost her footing and fell down the stairs, leading to the crowd falling around her in a crush.
168 June 6, 1944 Hartford circus fire USA Hartford, Connecticut A fire broke out at a performance of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus, killing between 167 and 169 people. Many died after being trampled by other spectators, with some asphyxiating underneath the piles of people who fell over each other. Most of the dead were found in piles, some three bodies deep, at the most congested exits. A small number of people were found alive at the bottoms of these piles, protected by the bodies on top of them when the burning big top ultimately fell down.
33 March 9, 1946 Burnden Park disaster England Bolton At an FA Cup Quarter-final, people were killed when the collapse of two crash barriers in an overcrowded stand led to the crowd falling forward upon each other.
500–800 February 3, 1954 1954 Kumbh Mela stampede India Kumbh Mela, Allahabad A surging crowd broke through the barriers separating them from a procession of sadhus and holy men of various akharas, resulting in a stampede.
124 January 1, 1956 unnamed Japan Yahiko People were killed during the New Year panic and stampede at the Yahiko Shinto shrine in central Niigata.
328 May 24, 1964 Estadio Nacional disaster Peru Estadio Nacional de Lima As of September 2015, the worst disaster in association football history. After a referee's unpopular call, home fans began a pitch invasion and the Peruvian police fired tear gas canisters into one of the grandstands to prevent further fans from invading the field of play, causing panic among attendees who then began a mass exodus. Departing spectators moved down the enclosed stairways, pressing those in the lead against solid corrugated steel shutters at the bottom of tunnels, which were closed. The shutters finally burst outward from pressure of the crush of bodies inside. All of those that died were killed in the jammed stairwells, most from internal haemorrhaging by crushing pressure, or by asphyxia. An additional 500 people were injured, many critically.[6]
71 June 23, 1968 Puerta 12 Tragedy Argentina El Monumental Stadium, Buenos Aires Exiting fans were caught in a crush at the bottom of the stairs leading to Gate 12 (Puerta 12 in Spanish). The exact cause for this crowd collapse is not known for certain, though rival fans might have been throwing burning paper on those exiting, causing an escape panic. Other accounts say that the gate was closed, either by police or by other fans, intentionally or unintentionally. Still others argue that it was a simple matter of too many fans going through a gate that was narrower than the staircase leading to it. The Puerta 12 Tragedy remains the deadliest sports-related event in Argentine history.
66 January 2, 1971 Second Ibrox Disaster Scotland Ibrox Stadium, Glasgow People were killed when the collapse of stairway barriers occurred after someone fell as fans were leaving the stadium, leading to a crush. The tragedy included many children who died, and most of the deaths were caused by compressive asphyxia, with bodies being stacked up to six feet deep in the area. More than 200 others were injured.
11 December 3, 1979 1979 The Who concert disaster USA Riverfront Coliseum, Cincinnati People were killed during a crush at a concert by The Who. The incident led to a reduced use of festival seating at U.S. venues.
66 October 20, 1982 Luzhniki disaster Russia, USSR Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow A crush began after a person fell and a dense moving crowd, their direction limited by metal banisters, pushed over the fallen, crushing them. Others stumbled over the bodies in a domino effect creating a large chain-reaction pile-up of people.[7]
39 May 29, 1985 Heysel Stadium disaster Belgium Heysel Stadium, Brussels The stampede occurred when fans escaping a confrontation between competing fan groups were pressed against a collapsing wall in the stadium before the start of the 1985 European Cup Final. 600 were injured, and the disaster was later described as "the darkest hour in the history of the UEFA competitions".[8]
93 March 13, 1988 Kathmandu stadium disaster Nepal Dasarath Rangasala Stadium People were killed when fans at Nepal's national football stadium stampeded for the exits during a hailstorm. Surging toward the only cover (the west stand), the crowd was beaten back by police, but when they returned to the south terrace, there a crush developed in a tunnel exit through the terrace. The crowd could not escape because the stadium doors were locked, causing a fatal crush at the front of the crowd. 100 more were injured.
2 August 20, 1988 unnamed England Donington Park Fans died during a Guns N' Roses concert at a Monsters of Rock festival where they were crushed to death by the slam-dancing (moshing) crowd. Rolling Stone reported the band members said they stopped playing several times to try to calm fans.[9] Upon exiting the stage, Axl Rose shouted to fans to have a good day and "... don't kill yourselves," but was unaware of the deaths at the time.[9] The head of concert security, present at the scene, wrote a presentation paper about the event for a seminar on mass crowd events.[10]
96 April 15, 1989 Hillsborough disaster England Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield In one of the world's worst football disasters, 766 people were injured, in addition to the people who died. The intensity of the crush broke the crush barriers on the terraces, while those trapped were packed so tightly in the pens that many victims died of compressive asphyxia while still standing. The 1990 official inquiry concluded that the primary cause was the failure of police control, as too many people were let into the stadium. On 12 September 2012, the Hillsborough Independent Panel released its own report after a reinvestigation to add to public understanding of the disaster and its aftermath. The panel concluded that crowd safety was compromised at every level by lack of police control.
1,426 July 2, 1990 1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy Saudi Arabia Mina, Mecca A blockage at a pedestrian tunnel exits (Al-Ma'aisim tunnel) leading out from Mecca towards Mina, Saudi Arabia and the Plains of Arafat led to deaths by suffocation of many religious pilgrims while they were traveling to perform the Stoning of the Devil ritual during the Hajj.
40 January 13, 1991 Orkney Stadium Disaster South Africa Oppenheimer Stadium, Orkney People were killed at a football match attended by about 30,000 fans in a stadium with a capacity for 23,000. When brawls broke out, people panicked, and trying to escape, were crushed against riot-control fences in the melee.
42 February 13, 1991 unnamed Mexico Chalma sanctuary Beyond those who died, an additional 55 religious pilgrims were injured after being overwhelmed by a crowd trying to enter the atrium of the sanctuary church to receive the divine signal from the ashes. The crowd pushed on for access to the atrium, with most the dead and injured being trampled.[11]
105 September 24, 1991 1991 Taiyuan Illumination show stampede (Chinese) China Jikong Bridge, Shanxi Province In a major festival in Taiyuan, China, large crowds of unknown size arrived in Yingze Park to see lanterns at a light festival. Crowds moving in opposite directions were crossing a poorly lit bridge. Some fell into the water and were drowned; others were killed in the crowd collapse and crush on the west side of the bridge. In all, 105 people were killed and 108 more were injured.[12][13]
9 December 28, 1991 unnamed USA City College New York At an oversold charity basketball game featuring rap stars, people were killed and 29 others injured while entering an overcrowded gymnasium while funneling through a small stairwell area.[14]
0 June 27, 1992 unnamed Germany Olympiastadion, Munich More than 500 people were injured when the crowd at Michael Jackson's debut Dangerous concert became hysterical and began rushing at the barriers, causing several people to have to be lifted from the crowd.
21 January 1, 1993 unnamed British Hong Kong Lan Kwai Fong, Hong Kong People were killed and 67 injured as a crowd of 15,000 to 20,000 revellers celebrated New Year's Eve in the Hong Kong night-club district, controlled by 118 police officers. The victims were mostly teenagers and young people in their 20's. The Independent reported witnesses as saying it was impossible to distinguish between the yelps of the partying crowd and the victim's agonized screams.[15][16][17]
0 October 30, 1993 The Camp Randall Crush USA Camp Randall Stadium, Madison, Wisconsin 73 student fans were injured by a crowd crush, six critically, when students charged the field in celebration after Wisconsin Badgers football game.
270 May 23, 1994 unnamed Saudi Arabia Jamarat Bridge, Mecca Religious pilgrims were killed and injured during a stampede at the stoning of the Devil ritual.
113 November 23, 1994 1994 Gowari stampede India Nagpur, Maharashtra Gowari people in a political protest, mostly women and children, perished in a stampede triggered by the cane-wielding police who attempted to prevent the estimated crowd of 40,000 from pressing towards the Vidhan Bhavan, Nagpur. 500 more people were injured.
83 October 16, 1996 The October 16 disaster Guatemala Estadio Mateo Flores, Guatemala City In addition to those who died, 147 more people were injured on the steep stadium stairway prior to the World Cup qualifying match. The crowd was estimated at 50,000 in the stadium designed to seat 37,500.
0* January 1, 1997 Hogmanay New Year Celebration Scotland Edinburgh A densely packed crowd of 350,000 gathered in Edinburgh for the annual celebration. Barriers and railings were bent down by crowd pressure. Thirty-four suffered crush and trample injuries, and one was treated for asphyxia. *This event is notable due to the number of crowd injuries and the size of the crowd.[18]
118 April 9, 1998 unnamed Saudi Arabia Jamarat Bridge, Mecca Hajj pilgrims were trampled to death, 180 more injured in an incident on Jamarat Bridge.[19]
53 January 15, 1999 1999 Sabarimala stampede India Sabarimala shrine, Kerala When a landslide caused a cave-in at a temple during a Hindu pilgrimage on the day of Makara Jyothi, panic ensued and 200,000 male devotees stampeded as the hill upon which they stood collapsed into the temple. The BBC reported that "Some of the dead were buried in the collapse, but most died in a stampede to avoid the landslide."[20]
53 May 30, 1999 Nyamiha disaster Belarus Nemiga metro station, Minsk A sudden thunderstorm caused a number of young people to race for nearby shelter during an open-air concert. The stampede was funneled toward the underpass of the metro station and many people were killed in the crush when they started slipping on the wet pavement, falling and trampling each other.
6 December 4, 1999 "Air & Style" crowd crush Austria Bergisel stadium in Innsbruck "Severe crowd accumulation" at one exit went unrecognized. Darkness, a steep slope and a slippery surface were contributing factors, but "panic did not occur at any time." Six were killed, four were left in a vegetative state, and 38 were injured.[21]
9June 30, 2000Roskilde Festival disasterDenmarkRoskildeNine people were crushed after falling as the crowd rushed the stage. Another 26 people were injured, 3 of them seriously.

21st century

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

References

  1. Vella, Fiona (16 February 2015). "Carnival tragedy in 1823". Little Rock. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  2. 'The Class of People who Go To The Gallery' "Special Report of the Fire Marshall" in Papers Relating to the Burning Down of the Brooklyn Theatre British House of Commons London: 1877. page 15
  3. Dead On The New Bridge – Fatal Crush At The Western Approach. – Front Page – Nytimes.Com. New York Times (2011-01-02). Retrieved on 2011-01-19.
  4. AP (January 9, 1934). "76 Japanese Die in Panic". Volume 54 (76). The Cornell Daily Sun. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  5. La "Galleria delle Grazie" (in Italian). Railways on Web, ferrovieinrete.com. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  6. Piers Edwards (23 May 2014). "Lima 1964: The world's worst stadium disaster". BBC News. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  7. Зайкин, В. (1989-07-20).Трагедия в Лужниках. Факты и вымысел, Известия (in Russian), 202, September 24, 1991. Retrieved 2012-02-06
  8. Quote from UEFA Chief Executive Lars-Christer Olsson in 2004, uefa.com.
  9. 1 2 Tannenbaum, Rob, The Hard Truth About Guns N' Roses, Rolling Stone, Issue 539, November 17, 1988. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  10. Upton, Mick, Incident at Donington Monster of Rock, 8 December 1995, safeconcerts.com. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  11. At Least 41 Die in Ash Wednesday Church Stampede, AP News Archive, February 13, 1991. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  12. 1991年太原踩踏事件
  13. Yingze Park "Light sea coal" light show King casualties, Taiyuan Chronicles Network, Taiyuan Public Security Bureau Chronicles, November 17, 2009. Google translation. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  14. McFadden Robert D., Stampede at City College; Inquiries Begin Over City College Deaths, The New York Times, December 30, 1991. Accessed 2015-09-24.
  15. 20 killed in Hong Kong stampede, The Independent, 2 January 1993. Accessed 2015-0924.
  16. Kemal Bokhary (February 23, 1993). Lan Kwai Fong Tragedy last investigation report by Judge Kemal Bokhary. Hong Kong Government.
  17. Chow, W.K. and Pang, Edgar C.L., Another Crowd Disaster: Shanghai New Year Stampede 2015 and Lan Kwai Fong Disaster 1993, Hot Issues in Fire Engineering, January 2015. Accessed 2015-09-24.
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  33. 순천 돌 가공 공장 지배인 공개 처형 [Public Execution Carried Out on a Stone Processing Plant Manager in Soonchun] (PDF). 오늘의 북한소식 (in Korean). Seoul: 사단법인 좋은벗들 북한연구소. October 17, 2007. pp. 7–8. Retrieved September 7, 2011. 워낙 많은 군중이 모이다보니 처형이 끝나고 흩어지면서 사람들에 깔려 6명이 사망하고, 34명이 다치는 사고가 일어났다. External link in |publisher= (help)
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  48. BBC News http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-15468868. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  49. AsiaNews (March 19, 2012). "Pope sends message for Shenouda III's death, huge crowds form to see his body". AsiaNews. AsiaNews Italy. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  50. AFP (March 20, 2012). "Thousands attend funeral of Coptic Pope Shenouda III". The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  51. Tovrov, Daniel (March 19, 2012). "Egypt: Three Dead After Vigil For Coptic Christian Pope". International Business Times. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  52. F. Javier Barroso, Madrid Arena tragedy claims fifth victim, El Pais, 4 December 2012. Accessed 2015-09-25.
  53. 60 crushed to death in Ivory Coast stampede CNN News (2013-01-01) Retrieved on 2013-01-01
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  55. "More than 230 die in Brazil nightclub fire". 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
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  71. "Death toll... rises to 2177....".
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