List of inorganic pigments
The following list includes commercially or artistically important inorganic pigments of natural and synthetic origin. The only dyes listed are derived directly from inorganic pigments.
Purple pigments
Aluminum pigments
- Ultramarine violet: (PV15) Silicate of sodium and aluminum containing sulfur.
Copper pigments:
- Han Purple: BaCuSi2O6.
Cobalt pigments:
- Cobalt Violet: (PV14) cobaltous orthophosphate.
Manganese pigments:
- Manganese violet: NH4MnP2O7 (PV16) Manganic ammonium pyrophosphate[1]
Blue pigments
Aluminum pigments:
- Ultramarine (PB29): a complex naturally occurring pigment of sulfur-containing sodio-silicate (Na8-10Al6Si6O24S2-4)
Cobalt pigments:
- Cobalt Blue (PB28) and Cerulean Blue (PB35): cobalt(II) stannate
Copper pigments:
- Egyptian Blue: a synthetic pigment of calcium copper silicate (CaCuSi4O10). Thought to be the first synthetically produced pigment.
- Han Blue: BaCuSi4O10
Iron pigments:
- Prussian Blue (PB27): a synthetic pigment of ferric hexacyanoferrate (Fe7(CN)18). The dye Marking blue is made by mixing Prussian Blue and alcohol.
Manganese pigments:
- Manganese Oxide Blue: a synthetic pigment discovered by Dr. Mas Subramanian's lab at Oregon State University (YIn1-xMnxO3).[2]
Green pigments
Cadmium pigments:
- Cadmium Green: a light green pigment consisting of a mixture of Cadmium Yellow (CdS) and Viridian (Cr2O3)
Chromium pigments:
- Chrome green (PG17): chromic oxide (Cr2O3)
- Viridian (PG18): a dark green pigment of hydrated chromic oxide (Cr2O3•H2O)
Copper pigments:
- Azurite: cupric carbonate hydroxide (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2)
- Malachite: cupric carbonate hydroxide (Cu2CO3(OH)2)
- Paris Green: cupric acetoarsenite (Cu(C2H3O2)2·3Cu(AsO2)2)
- Scheele’s Green (also called Schloss Green): cupric arsenite (CuHAsO3)
- Verdigris: various poorly soluble copper salts, notably cupric acetate (Cu(CH3CO2)2) and malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)
Yellow pigments
Arsenic pigments:
- Orpiment natural monoclinic arsenic sulfide (As2S3),
Cadmium pigments:
- Cadmium Yellow (PY37): cadmium sulfide (CdS)
Chromium pigments:
- Chrome Yellow (PY34): natural pigment of plumbous chromate (PbCrO4).
Cobalt pigments:
- Aureolin(also called Cobalt Yellow) (PY40): Potassium cobaltinitrite (Na3Co(NO2)6).
Iron Pigments:
- Yellow Ochre (PY43): a naturally occurring clay of monohydrated ferric oxide (Fe2O3.H2O)
Lead pigments:
- Naples Yellow (PY41); lead-tin-yellow
Titanium pigments:
- Titanium Yellow (PY53)
Tin Pigments:
- Mosaic gold: stannic sulfide (SnS2)
Orange pigments
Cadmium pigments:
- Cadmium Orange (PO20): an intermediate between cadmium red and cadmium yellow: cadmium sulfoselenide.
Chromium pigments:
- Chrome Orange: a naturally occurring pigment mixture composed of lead(II) chromate and lead(II) oxide. (PbCrO4 + PbO)
Red pigments
Cadmium pigments:
- Cadmium Red (PR108): cadmium selenide (CdSe)
Iron oxide pigments:
- Sanguine, Caput Mortuum, Venetian Red, Oxide Red (PR102)
- Red Ochre (PR102): anhydrous Fe2O3
- Burnt Sienna (PBr7): a pigment produced by heating Raw Sienna.
Lead pigments:
- Red Lead: lead tetroxide, Pb3O4
Mercury pigments:
- Vermilion (PR106): Synthetic and natural pigment: Occurs naturally in mineral cinnabar. Mercuric sulfide (HgS)
Brown pigments
Clay earth pigments (naturally formed iron oxides)
- Raw Umber (PBr7): a natural clay pigment consisting of iron oxide, manganese oxide and aluminum oxide: Fe2O3 + MnO2 + nH2O + Si + AlO3. When calcined (heated) it is referred to as Burnt Umber and has more intense colors.
- Raw Sienna (PBr7): a naturally occurring yellow-brown pigment from limonite clay. Used in art since prehistoric times.
Black pigments
Carbon pigments:
- Carbon Black (PBk7)
- Ivory Black (PBk9)
- Vine Black (PBk8)
- Lamp Black (PBk6)
Iron Pigments:
- Iron black (PBk11) (C.I. No.77499) : Fe3O4
Titanium pigments:
White pigments
Antimony pigments:
- Antimony White: stibous oxide (Sb2O3)
Barium pigments:
- Barium sulfate (PW5)
Lead pigments:
- Cremnitz White (PW1): basic plumbous carbonate ((PbCO3)2·Pb(OH)2)
Titanium pigments:
- Titanium White (PW6): titanic oxide (TiO2)
Zinc pigments:
- Zinc White (PW4): Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
Safety
A number of pigments, especially traditional ones, contain heavy metals that are highly toxic. These pigments, including those derived from lead, mercury, have often been banned.[1]
See also
References
- 1 2 Hugo Müller, Wolfgang Müller, Manfred Wehner, Heike Liewald "Artists' Colors" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_143.pub2
- ↑ Mn3+ in Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination: A New Blue Chromophore. Andrew E. Smith, Hiroshi Mizoguchi, Kris Delaney, Nicola A. Spaldin, Arthur W. Sleight, and M. A. Subramanian J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, volume 131, pages 17084–17086, doi:10.1021/ja9080666
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