List of journalists killed during the Somali Civil War

Mogadishu
Baidoa
Beledweyne
Galkayo
Important cities in the Somali Civil War where journalists have been killed.

This is a list of journalists killed during the Somali Civil War, which began in 1988 and has not ended.

Overview

According to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), an estimated 49 radio, print and television reporters operating within Somalia died in the period from the start of the civil war in 1992 to 2013.[1] The CPJ estimated that the majority were locally-based (73%), male (96%), broadcast journalists (45%), worked on the radio (65%), and were non-freelance (82%). Most were assassinated (65%), while covering primarily war (49%) and political stories (55%). A number also received threats prior to their deaths (22%). The sources of fire were largely political action groups (50%), mainly Al-Shabaab; the assailants' affiliations were unknown in only 22% of the cases.[1] As a consequence, the country was described by Al-Jazeera as the most dangerous place in Africa for working journalists.[2]

Early in the conflict, European journalists like Jean-Claude Jumel of France, Dan Eldon of the United Kingdom and Hansi Krauss of Germany were among those slain. The deadliest year for foreign correspondents in general was in 1993, according to the CPJ.[1] The last foreign journalist to be killed in Somalia was Noramfaizul Mohd Nor of Malaysia, a cameraman with Bermana TV covering a relief operation.[3]

Prior to the capital Mogadishu's pacification by the Somali National Army in mid-2011, the independent Radio Shabelle and HornAfrik Media Inc, among other Somali media outlets, were frequently targeted by Islamic militants.[4] Among the casualties during this most volatile 2007-2011 period was Ali Iman Sharmarke, one of the founders of HornAfrik, who was killed in his role as director on 11 August 2007.[1]

The Village restaurant in Mogadishu, a popular gathering place for working journalists, shortly after it was attacked by suicide bombers.

Since their ouster, the insurgents have resorted to issuing death threats and targeted assassinations in order to discourage reporting on their activities.[5] Due to frustration at the increasing number of expatriate journalists returning to the capital after the relative improvement in security, the militants in 2012 intensified their anti-media campaign,[6] killing a record 18 reporters during the year.[7][8]

Jamal Osman, a journalist working for The Guardian (UK) and Channel 4, suggested in an October 2012 editorial that one of the factors behind the spate of killings of media workers in Somalia was graft amongst reporters.[9] This was in sharp contrast to the widely held belief and CPJ data suggesting that the assassinations and death threats bore the hallmarks of the Islamist extremists.[1][5] In a formal press statement, the National Union of Somali Journalists (NUSOJ) characterized Osman's editorial as "defamatory and libelous", and suggested that it represented a conscious effort to cast aspersions on the Somali media and was "an attempt to divert the public attention by aiding the real criminals, which could contribute the killing of Somali journalists to continue." The organization further indicated that "more than half of the cases took place in Mogadishu and all have been targeted in line with their profession and the majority of them have been claimed by the Shabab."[10][11]

Despite the attempted intimidation, news outlets have continued to proliferate, with the number of radio and television stations in Mogadishu rising from 11 to 30 in less than five months.[6] Journalists have also persisted in covering the war beat.[5]

In early February 2013, the government launched an Independent Task Force on Human Rights tasked with investigating allegations of journalist intimidation and violence. Featuring a media representative, the 13-member committee is scheduled to publish a report on its findings and recommended courses of action at the end of its three-month mandate. The Task Force will eventually give way to a permanent parliamentary Human Rights Commission, which will have the capacity to investigate allegations over a longer period.[12]

Journalists killed

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Date Name Location Notes Refs
7 July 2013 Liban Abdullahi Farah Galkayo, Mugdug, Somalia Journalist for Somali Broadcasting Corporation [13]
21 April 2013Mohamed Ibrahim RagehDharkenley district, Mogadishu, SomaliaJournalist for Radio Mogadishu and Somali National Television[14][15]
14 April 2013Mohamed Hassan HabeebMogadishuJournalist acting as a media adviser in a court case[16][17]
24 March 2013Rahmo Abdulqadir (a.k.a., Rahma Abdulkadir)Mogadishu, SomaliaJournalist, Radio Abduwaq (Galgaduud region)[18][19][20]
18 March 2013Mohamed Ali NuxurkeyMogadishu, SomaliaJournalist, Radio Mustaqbal[21]
18 January 2013Abdihared Osman AdenMogadishu, SomaliaProducer and journalist, Radio Shabelle[22]
29 October 2012Warsame Shire AwaleMogadishu, SomaliaRadio Kulmiye[7]
29 October 2012Mohamed Mohamud TuryareMogadishu, SomaliaReporter, Radio Shabelle[23][24]
23 October 2012Ahmed Farah IlyasLas Anod, SomaliaBroadcast reporter, Universal TV[25]
28 September 2012Ahmed Abdullahi FarahDharkenley district, Mogadishu, SomaliaJournalist representing Yemeni news agency[26][27][28]
27 September 2012Abdirahman Mohamed AliSuuqa Holaha Market, Huriwa district, Mogadishu, SomaliaOnline sports writer for ciyaarahamaanta.com[26][27][28][29]
21 September 2012Hassan Yusuf AbsugeYaqshid, Mogadishu, SomaliaReporter and producer, Radio Maanta[6][30][31][32][33]
20 September 2012Liban Ali NurMogadishu, SomaliaHead of News, Somali National TV[32][34][35]
20 September 2012Abdisatar Daher SabriyeMogadishu, SomaliaHead of News, Radio Mogadishu and the former chair for the Somali Exiled Journalists Association (SEJASS)[6][32][34][36][37]
20 September 2012Abdirahman Yasin AliMogadishu, SomaliaDirector, Radio Hamar[32][34][38]
16 September 2012Zakariye Mohamed Mohamud MoallimNasib Bundo, Mogadishu, SomaliaCamera operator[32][39]
12 August 2012Yusuf Ali Osman (a.k.a. Farey)Dharkenley district, Mogadishu, Somalia Former director of Radio Mogadishu[40][41][42]
12 August 2012Mohamud Ali Keyre (a.k.a. Buneyste)Mogadishu, SomaliaFreelance journalist for Horyaalmedia.com[43]
31 July 2012Abdi Jaylani Malaq (a.k.a. Marshale)Mogadishu, SomaliaProducer, Universal TV[44][45]
24 May 2012Ahmed Addow AnshurDharkenley district, Mogadishu, SomaliaShabelle Media Network[46][47][48]
2 May 2012Farhan Jeemis Abdulle Garsoor (near Galkayo), Mudug, SomaliaRadio Daljir, Galkayo[49][50][51][52]
5 April 2012Mahad Salad Adan (a.k.a. Mahad Jamal)Beledweyne, Hinan, SomaliaShabelle Media Network[53][54][55]
4 March 2012Ali Ahmed AbdiGalkayo, SomaliaRadio Galkayo[56][57][58]
28 February 2012Abukar Hassan Mohamoud (a.k.a. Kadaf)Mogadishu, SomaliaDirector, Radio Somaliweyn[58]
28 January 2012Hassan Osman Abdi (a.k.a. Hassan Fantastic)Mogadishu, SomaliaDirector, Shabelle Media Network[59][60]
18 December 2011Abdisalan Sheik HassanSomaliaHorn Cable TV[61][62][63][64]
2 September 2011Noramfaizul Mohd Nor (Malaysian)Mogadishu, SomaliaBernama TV[65][66][67]
24 August 2010Barkhad Awale AdanSomaliaDirector, Hurma Radio[68][69][70]
4 May 2010Sheik Nur Mohamed AbkeyMogadishu, SomaliaRadio Mogadishu[71][72][73]
3 December 2009Mohamed Amin Adan AbdulleSomaliaRadio Shabelle journalist murdered in the 2009 Hotel Shamo bombing[74][75]
3 December 2009Hassan Zubeyr Haji HassanSomaliaCamera operator, Al-Arabia TV, murdered in the 2009 Hotel Shamo bombing[74]
3 December 2009Yasir MairoSomaliaFreelance photographer murdered in the 2009 Hotel Shamo bombing[75]
7 June 2009Muktar Mohamed HirabeSomaliaDirector, Radio Shabelle[59]
7 June 2009Ahmed Omar HashiSomaliaEditor, Radio Shabelle
25 May 2009Nur Muse HusseinSomaliaVoice of the Holy Quran radio
22 May 2009Abdirisak Warsameh MohamedSomaliaRadio Shabelle
4 February 2009Said Tahlil AhmedSomaliaDirector, Horn Afrik Radio/TV
1 January 2009Hassan Mayow HassanAfgoye, SomaliaRadio Shabelle[76]
7 June 2008Nasteh Dahir FarahSomaliaA BBC and Associated Press reporter who was also the Vice President of the National Union of Somali Journalists[77][78]
28 January 2008Hassan Kafi HaredSomaliaSomali National News Agency
19 October 2007Bashir Nur GediSomaliaChief executive, Shabelle Media network[59][79][80][81]
24 August 2007Abdulkadir Mahad Moallim KaskeySomaliaRadio Banadir
11 August 2007Mahad Ahmed ElmiSomaliaDirector, Radio Capital Voice
11 August 2007Ali Iman SharmarkeSomaliaManaging Director, HornAfrik Radio[82][83][84]
16 May 2007Ahmed Hassan MahadSomaliaRadio Jowhar
16 May 2007Abshir Ali GabreSomaliaEditor, Radio Jowhar
5 May 2007Mohammed Abdullahi KhalifSomaliaVoice (radio)
23 June 2006Martin Adler (Swedish)Mogadishu, SomaliaAftonbladet[85]
5 June 2005Duniya Muhiyadin NurAfgoye, SomaliaCapital Voice of HornAfrik[85]
9 February 2005Kate Peyton (British)Mogadishu, SomaliaJournalist for the BBC's Johannesburg bureau[85][86][87]
January 24, 2003Abdullahi MadkeerBaidoa, SomaliaCovering the airport reopening for DMC Radio.[88]
26 January 26, 2000Ahmed Kafi AwaleBakara market, Mogadishu, SomaliaRadio of the Somali People[89][90]
9 February 1995Marcello Palmisano (Italian)Mogadishu, SomaliaShot while traveling on airport road while working for RAI.[86]
31 August 1994Pierre Anceaux (Swiss)Baidoa, SomaliaReporting on a charity-run refugee camp.[91]
20 March 1994Ilaria Alpi (Italian)Mogadishu, SomaliaReporting for RAI-3 on illegal toxic waste.[85][92]
20 March 1994Miran Hrovatin (Italian)Mogadishu, SomaliaReporting for RAI-3 on illegal toxic waste.[85][93]
12 July 1993Dan Eldon (British)Mogadishu, SomaliaDied while covering a US operation before the Battle of Mogadishu (1993). He was working as a journalist for Reuters.[94][95][96]
12 July 1993Anthony Macharia (Kenyan)Mogadishu, SomaliaDied while covering the same operation as Eldon. He was working for Reuters on the sound production.[94][96]
12 July 1993Hos Maina (Kenyan)Mogadishu, SomaliaDied while covering the same operation as Eldon. He was working for Reuters on photography. Fellow Reuters cameraman Mohammed Shaffi survived.[94][97]
12 July 1993Hansi Krauss (German)Mogadishu, SomaliaDied while covering the same operation as Eldon. He was working for the Associated Press.[94][98][99]
18 June 1993Jean-Claude Jumel (French)Mogadishu, SomaliaHe was shot by a sniper while traveling with his TF1 news crew, for which he worked on sound, from the airport.[100]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "46 Journalists Killed in Somalia since 1992/Motive Confirmed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2012-10-19 (accessed date). Retrieved 2012-10-19. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ↑ Listening Post. "Somalia: The risk of being a journalist - Listening Post". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  3. ↑ "Malaysian cameraman shot dead in Mogadishu, another wounded". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
  4. ↑ "Timeline:Attacks on journalists in Somalia |". Reuters (UK). 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  5. 1 2 3 "Somali journalists persist in their profession despite risks". Hiiraan.com. 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "4 Journalists Killed in Somalia in 24 Hours". Voice of America. 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
  7. 1 2 "Somali poet Warsame Shire Awale killed by gunmen". BBC. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  8. ↑ Associated Press (2012-10-24). "Number of Somali journalists murdered in targeted attacks grows to 16; no arrests yet made". Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  9. ↑ Osman, Jamal (2012-10-11). "Somali journalists are dying from corruption as much as conflict". Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  10. ↑ "Somalia journalists protest 'libelous Guardian article'". Global Times. 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  11. ↑ National Union of Somali Journalists (2012-10-19). "Somali Journalists protest against an article published by the Guardian Newspaper". Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  12. ↑ "Somali PM launches Human Rights Task Force". Xikmo. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  13. ↑ "NUSOJ condemns cold-blooded murder of a journalist in Galkayo". IT News Africa. 7 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  14. ↑ Ibrahim, Mohammed (2013-04-21). "Reporter for Government Radio Is Killed in Somalia". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
  15. ↑ Associated Press (2013-04-21). "Journalist shot dead in Somalia’s capital, 5th journalist to be killed this year". Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
  16. ↑ Ibrahim, Mohammed (2013-04-14). "Coordinated Blasts Kill at Least 20 in Somalia’s Capital". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
  17. ↑ "SOMALIA: NUSOJ Condemns the Murder of a journalist and Human Rights Lawyers in Mogadishu". RBC Radio/Raxanreeb.com. 2013-04-14. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
  18. ↑ Ahmed, Abdalle (2013-03-25). "Somali women's rights reporter shot dead in Mogadishu". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 2013-08-12.
  19. ↑ Levy, Gabrielle (March 25, 2013). "Rahmo Abdulqadir, female journalist, killed in Somalia". UPI. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  20. ↑ "UN agency chief calls for investigation on the murder of female Somali journalist". RBC Radio, Raxanreeb.com. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
  21. ↑ "A journalist killed three others wounded in Mogadishu suicide attack". RBC Radio. 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2013-03-18.
  22. ↑ "Journalist Killed in Somalia". WCSH 6 TV. 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
  23. ↑ "17th killed this year: Somali journalist dies of wounds after attack by gunmen". Associated Press. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  24. ↑ AFP (2012-10-29). "Somali journalist dies after shooting". Ahram Online. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  25. ↑ "Ahmed Farah Ilyas - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
  26. 1 2 "Somalia: Journalist Beheaded, the Other Shot Dead in Mogadishu As Targeting Continues". All Africa (Garowe Online ). 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
  27. 1 2 "Two More Journalists Killed in Somalia". Voice of America. 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
  28. 1 2 "Director-General condemns killing of two Somali journalists Abdirahman Mohamed Ali and Ahmed Abdulahi Farah". UNESCO. 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  29. ↑ "Journalist Kidnaped, Beheaded in northern Mogadishu". Star Africa. 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
  30. ↑ "Hassan Yusuf Absuge". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
  31. ↑ "Fourth Somali journalist killed in 24-hour span". Bikyamasr. 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 "UNESCO chief alarmed by upsurge in killing of journalists in Somalia". United Nations News Centre. 2012-09-23. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  33. ↑ International Federation of Journalists (2013-03-29). "Somalia: Al-Shabab Militant Convicted of Journalist's Murder". All Africa. Retrieved 2013-04-05.
  34. 1 2 3 "Somalia: NUSOJ Condemns Killing of Journalists in a wave of Suicide |". RBC Radio. 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  35. ↑ "Liban Ali Nur". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
  36. ↑ "Abdisatar Daher Sabriye". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
  37. ↑ "Suicide bomber kills former SEJASS Chairman and two other journalists in Mogadisho". SEJASS. 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  38. ↑ "Abdirahman Yasin Ali". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2012-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
  39. ↑ "Unidentified gunmen kill journalist in Somalia". PressTV (Iran). 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  40. ↑ "Well-Known Somali Journalist Killed « VOA Breaking News". Blogs.voanews.com. 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  41. ↑ "Video: Veteran Somali journalist shot dead in Mogadishu". Sunatimes. 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  42. ↑ "UN Special Representative for Somalia statement on assassination of Somali Official". United Nations Political Office for Somalia. 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  43. ↑ "Young freelancer shot dead in Mogadishu after returning from exile". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  44. ↑ "TV comedian and producer gunned down after criticizing Al-Shabaab". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  45. ↑ Source: Unescopress (2012-08-13). "Director-General alarmed by murder of Abdi Jaylani Malaq in Somalia, and urges end to impunity |". UNESCO. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  46. ↑ "Ahmed Addow Anshur - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  47. ↑ "Another journalist killed, sixth since start of year". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  48. ↑ Source: Unescopress (2012-05-29). "Director-General alarmed by murder of Somali journalist Ahmed Addow Andshur and urges end to impunity |". UNESCO. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  49. ↑ "Somali reporter Farhan Jeemis Abdulle shot dead in Galkayo". BBC News. 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  50. ↑ "Farhan Jeemis Abdulle - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  51. ↑ "Journalist murdered on eve of World Press Freedom Day, fifth this year in Somalia". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  52. ↑ Source: Unescopress. "UNESCO Director-General condemns murder of Somali journalist Farhan James Abdulle |". UNESCO. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  53. ↑ "Mahad Salad Adan - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  54. ↑ "Radio journalist gunned down in central city". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  55. ↑ Source: Unescopress (2012-04-15). "Director-General urges improved safety for journalists in Somalia and denounces murder of reporter Mahad Salad Adan |". UNESCO. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  56. ↑ "Ali Ahmed Abdi - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  57. ↑ "Young journalist gunned down in Galkayo in latest media killing". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  58. 1 2 Source: Unescopress (2012-03-13). "Director-General condemns killings of Somali radio director Abukar Hassan Mohamoud and journalist Ali Ahmed Abdi |". UNESCO. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  59. 1 2 3 "Radio journalist gunned down in Mogadishu". Al Jazeera English. 2012-01-29. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  60. ↑ "Shabelle Media Network director gunned down outside home in Mogadishu". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  61. ↑ "Mogadishu mayor orders to kill journalist". Suna Times. 2012-12-25. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  62. ↑ Ibrahim, Mphammed (2011-12-29). "Foreign Aid Worker Is Killed and Colleague Is Wounded in Somali Capital". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  63. ↑ "Abdisalan Sheik Hassan - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2011-12-18. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  64. ↑ "Director-General condemns murder of Somali journalist Abdisalam Sheikh Hassan". UNESCO. 2012-12-20. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  65. ↑ "Putera 1Malaysia Club to bring back 11 Somalian orphans | Malay Mail Online". Mmail.com.my. 2011-09-01. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  66. ↑ "Noramfaizul Mohd - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  67. ↑ "Malaysian cameraman shot dead in Mogadishu, another wounded". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  68. ↑ "Burkhat Awale". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  69. ↑ "Journalist killed in Mogadishu fighting, Al-Shabaab takes control of radio station". Reporters Without Borders. 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  70. ↑ "UNESCO Director-General deplores death of Somali journalist Barkhad Awale Adan". UNESCO. 2010-08-27. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  71. ↑ "Somalia gunmen shoot dead a journalist". BBC News. 2010-05-05. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  72. ↑ Mohammed, Ibrahim; Abdi Guled; Jeremy Clarke; Giles Elgood (2010-05-05). "Somali journalist shot dead in Mogadishu". Reuters (India). Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  73. ↑ "Sheikh Nur Mohamed Abkey". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2010-05-04. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  74. 1 2 "Blast kills 19 at graduation ceremony in Somalia". CNN. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
  75. 1 2 "Explosion kills three Somali journalists in Mogadishu". Committee to Protect Journalists. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
  76. ↑ "Hassan Mayow Hassan - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2009-01-01. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  77. ↑ "Un reporter de la BBC tué par des hommes armés au Sud de la Somalie". Agence de Presse Africaine. 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  78. ↑ "Nasteh Dahir Farah was shot by two men in Kismayo 2008 |". Somali Online Media and Journalist Association. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  79. ↑ "Somali journalist gunned down in Mogadishu". Reuters. 2007-10-19. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  80. ↑ "Media watchdogs denounce death of Somali reporter". Reuters. 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  81. ↑ "Radio Shabelle manager assassinated". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2007-10-19. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  82. ↑ "Two held over Somalia murders". aljazeera. 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  83. ↑ "Ali Sharmarke". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  84. ↑ "Director-General condemns attacks on the press in Somalia". UNESCO. 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
  85. 1 2 3 4 5 "Swedish freelance photographer gunned down on Mogadishu street". IFEX. 2006-06-23. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  86. 1 2 "Kate Peyton - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2005-02-09. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  87. ↑ "BBC reporter killed in Mogadishu". IFEX. 2005-02-09. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  88. ↑ "Abdullahi Madkeer - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2003-01-24. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  89. ↑ "Journalist killed". IFEX. 2000-02-15. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  90. ↑ "Ahmed Kafi Awale - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  91. ↑ "Pierre Anceaux - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 1994-08-31. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  92. ↑ "Ilaria Alpi - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 1994-03-20. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  93. ↑ "Miran Krovatin - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 1994-03-20. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  94. 1 2 3 4 Bowden, Mark (1999). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. New York: Signet. p. 113.
  95. ↑ Chris Albin-Lackey, Human Rights Watch (Organization), "So much to fear": war crimes and the devastation of Somalia, Human Rights Watch, 2008, p. 44
  96. 1 2 Dan Eldon (1993-07-12). "Dan Eldon - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  97. ↑ "Hos Maina - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 1993-07-12. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  98. ↑ "Hansi Krauss - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 1993-07-12. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
  99. ↑ Ciriello, Raffael e. "tribute". Retrieved 2012-09-03.
  100. ↑ "Jean-Claude Jumel - Journalists Killed". Committee to Protect Journalists. 1993-06-18. Retrieved 2012-10-19.

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