List of largest giant sequoias

The giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) is the world's most massive tree,[1][2] and arguably the largest living organism on Earth.[3] It is neither the tallest extant species of tree (that distinction belongs to the coast redwood),[4][5] nor is it the widest (that distinction belongs to the baobab tree or Montezuma Cypresses), nor is it the longest-lived (that distinction belongs to the Great Basin bristlecone pine).[6] However, with a height of 286 feet (87 m) or more, a circumference of 113 feet (34 m) or more, an estimated bole volume of up to 52,500 cubic feet (1,487 m3), and an estimated age of 1800–2700 years,[7] the giant sequoia is among the tallest, widest and longest-lived of all organisms on Earth.

Giant sequoias grow in well-defined groves in California mixed evergreen forests, along with other old-growth species such as California incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens). Because most of the neighboring trees are also quite large, it can be difficult to appreciate the size of an individual giant sequoia. The largest giant sequoias are as tall as a 26-story building, and the width of their bases can exceed that of a city street. They grow at such a rate as to produce roughly 40 cubic feet (1.1 m3) of wood each year, approximately equal to the volume of a 50-foot-tall tree one foot in diameter.[7] This makes them among the fastest growing organisms on Earth, in terms of annual increase in mass.

Distribution

Giant sequoias occur naturally in only one place on Earth—the western slope of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California, on moist, unglaciated ridges and valleys[8] at an altitude of 5,000 to 8,000 feet (1,524 to 2,438 m) above mean sea level. There are 65–75 groves of giant sequoias in the Sierra Nevada, depending upon the criteria used to define a grove.[2][9] The northernmost of these groves is Placer County Grove in the Tahoe National Forest, Placer County, California,[10] while the southernmost grove is Deer Creek Grove in the Giant Sequoia National Monument, Tulare County, California.[9] The combined total area of all groves of giant sequoias is approximately 35,600 acres (14,407 ha).

Fire limits growth

Giant sequoias are in many ways adapted to forest fires. Their bark is unusually fire resistant, and their cones will normally open immediately after a fire.[11] However, fire is also the most serious damaging agent of giant sequoias. Seedlings and saplings are highly susceptible to death or serious injury by fire. Larger giant sequoias are more resistant to fire damage, due to their thick protective layer of nonresinous bark and elevated crowns. However, repeated fires over many centuries may penetrate the bark and destroy the vascular cambium. Nearly all of the larger trees have fire scars, many of which cover a large area of the base of the tree. Older trees are rarely killed by fire alone, but the resulting structural damage may predispose a tree to collapse and fire scars also provide entry for fungi which may cause root disease and heart rot. The resulting decayed wood is then more easily consumed by subsequent fires. The result of this cycle is further structural weakening of the tree, which may eventually lead to its collapse.[12]

Fire scars are thought to be the main cause of dead tops. Although lightning strikes rarely kill mature trees, lightning sometimes knocks out large portions of crowns or ignites dead tops. The most common cause of death in mature giant sequoias is toppling, due to weakening of the roots and lower trunk by fire and decay. The extreme weight of the trees coupled with their shallow root systems contributes to this weakening. Other causative factors include wind, water-softened soils, undercutting by streams, and heavy snow loads in the crowns[12]

Washington tree, Giant Forest Grove, Sequoia National Park, 2007

The Washington tree, located in the Giant Forest Grove in Sequoia National Park provides a good example of the aforementioned phenomena. This tree was the second largest tree in the world (only the General Sherman tree was larger) until just a few years ago.[1][13] In September 2003, the tree lost a portion of its crown as a result of a fire caused by a lightning strike. This reduced its height from nearly 255 feet (78 m) to about 229 feet (70 m). The structurally weakened tree partially collapsed in January 2005, as the result of a heavy snow load in the remaining portion of its crown; it is now approximately 115 feet (35 m) tall.[1][14]

Tree measurement

As with other trees, measurement of giant sequoias is conducted using established dendrometric techniques. The most frequent measurements acquired in the field include the height of the tree, the horizontal dimension of its canopy, and its diameter at breast height (DBH). These measurements are then subjected to tree allometry, which employs certain mathematical and statistical principles to estimate the amount of timber volume in a tree.

Calculating the volume of a standing tree is the practical equivalent of calculating the volume of an irregular cone,[15] and is subject to error for various reasons. This is partly due to technical difficulties in measurement, and variations in the shape of trees and their trunks. Measurements of trunk circumference are taken at only a few predetermined heights up the trunk, and assume that the trunk is circular in cross-section, and that taper between measurement points is even. Also, only the volume of the trunk (including the restored volume of basal fire scars) is taken into account, and not the volume of wood in the branches or roots.[15] The volume measurements also do not take cavities into account. For example, while studying sequoia tree canopies in 1999, researchers discovered that the Washington tree in Giant Forest Grove was largely hollow.[14]

List of largest giant sequoias by trunk volume

The following table is a list of the largest giant sequoias, all of which are located in California. The table is sorted by trunk volume, ignoring wood in the branches of the tree. Many sequoias cut down in the past were probably far larger, such as the Mother of the Forest.

Rank Name Location[16] Coordinates Height[16] Circumference[16] Diameter Bole
Volume[16]
Comments
1 General Sherman Giant Forest Grove 36°34′51″N 118°45′03″W / 36.58083°N 118.75083°W / 36.58083; -118.75083[17] 274.9 feet (83.8 m) 102.6 feet (31.3 m) 32.7 feet (10.0 m) 52,508 cubic feet (1,486.9 m3)[15][18] named after William Tecumseh Sherman
2[note 1] General Grant General Grant Grove 36°44′53″N 118°58′15″W / 36.74806°N 118.97083°W / 36.74806; -118.97083[19] 268.1 feet (81.7 m) 107.5 feet (32.8 m) 34.2 feet (10.4 m) 46,608 cubic feet (1,319.8 m3)[20][note 1] named after Ulysses S. Grant; designated as the "Nation's Christmas Tree" since 1926
3[note 1] President Giant Forest Grove 36°34′24″N 118°45′00″W / 36.57341°N 118.75010°W / 36.57341; -118.75010[21] 240.9 feet (73.4 m) 93.0 feet (28.3 m) 29.6 feet (9.0 m) 45,148 cubic feet (1,278.4 m3)[note 1] named after U.S. President Warren G. Harding[24]
4 Lincoln Giant Forest Grove 36°34′19″N 118°45′22″W / 36.57187°N 118.75604°W / 36.57187; -118.75604[25] 255.8 feet (78.0 m) 98.3 feet (30.0 m) 31.3 feet (9.5 m) 44,471 cubic feet (1,259.3 m3) named after Abraham Lincoln
5 Stagg Alder Creek Grove 36°11′29″N 118°37′08″W / 36.19131°N 118.61878°W / 36.19131; -118.61878[26] 243.0 feet (74.1 m) 109.0 feet (33.2 m) 34.7 feet (10.6 m) 42,557 cubic feet (1,205.1 m3)[27] named after Amos Alonzo Stagg
6 Boole Converse Basin Grove 36°48′21″N 118°58′42″W / 36.80583°N 118.97833°W / 36.80583; -118.97833[28] 268.8 feet (81.9 m) 113.0 feet (34.4 m) 36 feet (11 m) 42,472 cubic feet (1,202.7 m3) named after Franklin A. Boole
7 Genesis Mountain Home Grove 36°14′24″N 118°40′18″W / 36.24000°N 118.67167°W / 36.24000; -118.67167[29] 253.0 feet (77.1 m) 85.3 feet (26.0 m) 27.2 feet (8.3 m) 41,897 cubic feet (1,186.4 m3)[30] named after Genesis
8 Franklin Giant Forest Grove 36°33′45″N 118°45′05″W / 36.56250°N 118.75139°W / 36.56250; -118.75139[31] 223.8 feet (68.2 m) 94.8 feet (28.9 m) 30.2 feet (9.2 m) 41,280 cubic feet (1,169 m3) named after Benjamin Franklin, located near Washington
9 King Arthur Garfield Grove 36°20′00″N 118°43′06″W / 36.33333°N 118.71833°W / 36.33333; -118.71833[32] 270.3 feet (82.4 m) 104.2 feet (31.8 m) 33.2 feet (10.1 m) 40,656 cubic feet (1,151.2 m3) named after King Arthur
10 Monroe Giant Forest Grove 36°33′45″N 118°45′05″W / 36.56250°N 118.75139°W / 36.56250; -118.75139[31] 247.8 feet (75.5 m) 91.3 feet (27.8 m) 29.1 feet (8.9 m) 40,104 cubic feet (1,135.6 m3) named after James Monroe, located near Auto Log
11 Robert E. Lee General Grant Grove 36°44′48″N 118°58′33″W / 36.74667°N 118.97583°W / 36.74667; -118.97583[33] 254.7 feet (77.6 m) 88.3 feet (26.9 m) 28.1 feet (8.6 m) 40,102 cubic feet (1,135.6 m3) named after Robert E. Lee
12 John Adams Giant Forest Grove 36°33′45″N 118°45′05″W / 36.56250°N 118.75139°W / 36.56250; -118.75139[31] 250.6 feet (76.4 m) 83.3 feet (25.4 m) 26.5 feet (8.1 m) 38,956 cubic feet (1,103.1 m3) named after John Adams, located near Cattle Cabin
13 Ishi Giant Kennedy Grove 36°45′48″N 118°49′24″W / 36.76333°N 118.82333°W / 36.76333; -118.82333[34] 248.1 feet (75.6 m) 105.1 feet (32.0 m) 33.5 feet (10.2 m) 38,156 cubic feet (1,080.5 m3)
14 Column Giant Forest Grove 36°33′45″N 118°45′05″W / 36.56250°N 118.75139°W / 36.56250; -118.75139[31] 243.8 feet (74.3 m) 93.0 feet (28.3 m) 29.6 feet (9.0 m) 37,295 cubic feet (1,056.1 m3) near General Pershing
15 Summit Road Mountain Home Grove 36°14′24″N 118°40′18″W / 36.24000°N 118.67167°W / 36.24000; -118.67167[29] 244.0 feet (74.4 m) 82.2 feet (25.1 m) 26.2 feet (8.0 m) 36,600 cubic feet (1,040 m3)
16 Euclid Mountain Home Grove 36°14′24″N 118°40′18″W / 36.24000°N 118.67167°W / 36.24000; -118.67167[29] 272.7 feet (83.1 m) 83.4 feet (25.4 m) 26.5 feet (8.1 m) 36,122 cubic feet (1,022.9 m3)
17 Washington Mariposa Grove 37°30′55″N 119°36′15″W / 37.51528°N 119.60417°W / 37.51528; -119.60417[35] 236.0 feet (71.9 m) 95.7 feet (29.2 m) 30.5 feet (9.3 m) 35,901 cubic feet (1,016.6 m3) named after George Washington, not to be confused with the Washington tree in Giant Forest Grove
18 General Pershing Giant Forest Grove 36°33′45″N 118°45′05″W / 36.56250°N 118.75139°W / 36.56250; -118.75139[31] 246.0 feet (75.0 m) 91.2 feet (27.8 m) 29 feet (8.8 m) 35,855 cubic feet (1,015.3 m3) named after John J. Pershing
19 Diamond Atwell Mill Grove 36°27′55″N 118°40′18″W / 36.46528°N 118.67167°W / 36.46528; -118.67167[36] 286.0 feet (87.2 m) 95.3 feet (29.0 m) 30.3 feet (9.2 m) 35,292 cubic feet (999.4 m3)
20 Adam Mountain Home Grove 36°14′24″N 118°40′18″W / 36.24000°N 118.67167°W / 36.24000; -118.67167[29] 247.4 feet (75.4 m) 94.2 feet (28.7 m) 30 feet (9.1 m) 35,017 cubic feet (991.6 m3)[37] named after Adam
21 Roosevelt Redwood Mountain Grove 36°41′38″N 118°55′08″W / 36.69389°N 118.91889°W / 36.69389; -118.91889[38] 260.0 feet (79.2 m) 80.0 feet (24.4 m) 25.5 feet (7.8 m) 35,013 cubic feet (991.5 m3) named after Theodore Roosevelt, located near Hart
22 Nelder Nelder Grove 37°26′24″N 119°35′16″W / 37.44000°N 119.58778°W / 37.44000; -119.58778[39] 266.2 feet (81.1 m) 90.0 feet (27.4 m) 28.6 feet (8.7 m) 34,993 cubic feet (990.9 m3) named after John A. Nelder
23 AD Atwell Mill Grove 36°27′55″N 118°40′18″W / 36.46528°N 118.67167°W / 36.46528; -118.67167[36] 242.4 feet (73.9 m) 99.0 feet (30.2 m) 31.5 feet (9.6 m) 34,706 cubic feet (982.8 m3) situated just above Diamond (hence the name "AD")
24 Hart Redwood Mountain Grove 36°41′38″N 118°55′08″W / 36.69389°N 118.91889°W / 36.69389; -118.91889[38] 277.9 feet (84.7 m) 75.3 feet (23.0 m) 24 feet (7.3 m) 34,407 cubic feet (974.3 m3)[40] named after Michael Hart, who discovered it
25 Grizzly Giant Mariposa Grove 37°30′55″N 119°36′15″W / 37.51528°N 119.60417°W / 37.51528; -119.60417[35] 209.0 feet (63.7 m) 92.5 feet (28.2 m) 29.4 feet (9.0 m) 34,005 cubic feet (962.9 m3)
26 Chief Sequoyah Giant Forest Grove 36°33′45″N 118°45′05″W / 36.56250°N 118.75139°W / 36.56250; -118.75139[31] 228.2 feet (69.6 m) 90.4 feet (27.6 m) 28.8 feet (8.8 m) 33,608 cubic feet (951.7 m3) named after Sequoyah
27 Methuselah Mountain Home Grove 36°14′24″N 118°40′18″W / 36.24000°N 118.67167°W / 36.24000; -118.67167[29] 207.8 feet (63.3 m) 95.8 feet (29.2 m) 30.5 feet (9.3 m) 32,897 cubic feet (931.5 m3) named after Methuselah
28 Great Goshawk Freeman Creek Grove 36°08′22″N 118°30′33″W / 36.13944°N 118.50917°W / 36.13944; -118.50917[41] 255.2 feet (77.8 m) 90.2 feet (27.5 m) 28.7 feet (8.7 m) 32,783 cubic feet (928.3 m3)
29 Hamilton Giant Forest Grove 36°33′45″N 118°45′05″W / 36.56250°N 118.75139°W / 36.56250; -118.75139[31] 238.5 feet (72.7 m) 82.6 feet (25.2 m) 26.3 feet (8.0 m) 32,783 cubic feet (928.3 m3) named after Alexander Hamilton
30 Dean Atwell Mill Grove 36°27′55″N 118°40′18″W / 36.46528°N 118.67167°W / 36.46528; -118.67167[36] 235.9 feet (71.9 m) 96.4 feet (29.4 m) 30.7 feet (9.4 m) 32,333 cubic feet (915.6 m3)
31 Black Mountain Beauty Black Mountain Grove 36°06′16″N 118°39′19″W / 36.10444°N 118.65528°W / 36.10444; -118.65528[42] 263.0 feet (80.2 m) 76.0 feet (23.2 m) 24.2 feet (7.4 m) 32,224 cubic feet (912.5 m3)
32 Packsaddle Giant Packsaddle Grove 35°55′26″N 118°35′34″W / 35.92389°N 118.59278°W / 35.92389; -118.59278[43] 219.0 feet (66.8 m) 106.4 feet (32.4 m) 33.9 feet (10.3 m) 32,156 cubic feet (910.6 m3)
33 Allen Russell Mountain Home Grove 36°14′24″N 118°40′18″W / 36.24000°N 118.67167°W / 36.24000; -118.67167[29] 254.1 feet (77.4 m) 80.2 feet (24.4 m) 25.5 feet (7.8 m) 31,650 cubic feet (896 m3) named after Allen I. Russell, who from 1962 to 1990 was ranger of Balch Park
34 Cleveland Giant Forest Grove 36°33′45″N 118°45′05″W / 36.56250°N 118.75139°W / 36.56250; -118.75139[31] 251.0 feet (76.5 m) 80.2 feet (24.4 m) 25.5 feet (7.8 m) 31,336 cubic feet (887.3 m3) named after Grover Cleveland
35 Dalton Muir Grove 36°37′53″N 118°50′10″W / 36.63139°N 118.83611°W / 36.63139; -118.83611[44] 274.5 feet (83.7 m) 76.1 feet (23.2 m) 24.2 feet (7.4 m) 31,065 cubic feet (879.7 m3)
36 Louis Agassiz Calaveras Big Trees State Park 38°16′19″N 120°17′16″W / 38.27194°N 120.28778°W / 38.27194; -120.28778[45] 262.0 feet (79.9 m) 98.0 feet (29.9 m) 31.2 feet (9.5 m) 30,580 cubic feet (866 m3) named after Louis Agassiz
37 Near Ed Giant Forest Grove 36°33′45″N 118°45′05″W / 36.56250°N 118.75139°W / 36.56250; -118.75139[31] 251.0 feet (76.5 m) 79.5 feet (24.2 m) 25.3 feet (7.7 m) 30,333 cubic feet (858.9 m3)
38 Evans Kennedy Grove 36°45′48″N 118°49′24″W / 36.76333°N 118.82333°W / 36.76333; -118.82333[34] 232.4 feet (70.8 m) 77.5 feet (23.6 m) 24.7 feet (7.5 m) 30,232 cubic feet (856.1 m3)
39 Three Fingered Jack Mountain Home Grove 36°14′24″N 118°40′18″W / 36.24000°N 118.67167°W / 36.24000; -118.67167[29] 240.0 feet (73.2 m) 82.5 feet (25.1 m) 26.3 feet (8.0 m) 30,118 cubic feet (852.8 m3)
40 Patriarch McIntyre Grove 36°08′07″N 118°35′05″W / 36.13528°N 118.58472°W / 36.13528; -118.58472[46] 176.5 feet (53.8 m) 72.6 feet (22.1 m) 23.1 feet (7.0 m) 30,020 cubic feet (850 m3)
41 Red Chief Long Meadow Grove 35°58′58″N 118°36′05″W / 35.98278°N 118.60139°W / 35.98278; -118.60139[47] 245.0 feet (74.7 m) 80.6 feet (24.6 m) 25.7 feet (7.8 m) 28,723 cubic feet (813.3 m3)
42 The Sentinel Giant Forest Grove 36°33′45″N 118°45′05″W / 36.56250°N 118.75139°W / 36.56250; -118.75139[31] 257.6 feet (78.5 m) 79.0 feet (24.1 m) 25.1 feet (7.7 m) 27,900 cubic feet (790 m3)
43 Bull Buck Nelder Grove 37°26′24″N 119°35′16″W / 37.44000°N 119.58778°W / 37.44000; -119.58778[39] 246.1 feet (75.0 m) 99.1 feet (30.2 m) 31.5 feet (9.6 m) 27,383 cubic feet (775.4 m3)
44 Near Gutless McIntyre Grove 36°08′07″N 118°35′05″W / 36.13528°N 118.58472°W / 36.13528; -118.58472[46] 252.1 feet (76.8 m) 75.6 feet (23.0 m) 24.1 feet (7.3 m) 26,737 cubic feet (757.1 m3)
45 Gutless Goliath McIntyre Grove 36°08′07″N 118°35′05″W / 36.13528°N 118.58472°W / 36.13528; -118.58472[46] 275.1 feet (83.9 m) 68.0 feet (20.7 m) 21.6 feet (6.6 m) 26,564 cubic feet (752.2 m3)
46 Candelabra Packsaddle Grove 35°55′26″N 118°35′34″W / 35.92389°N 118.59278°W / 35.92389; -118.59278[43] 205.5 feet (62.6 m) 26,341 cubic feet (745.9 m3)
47 Bannister Freeman Creek Grove 36°08′22″N 118°30′33″W / 36.13944°N 118.50917°W / 36.13944; -118.50917[41] 195.0 feet (59.4 m) 103.5 feet (31.5 m) 32.9 feet (10.0 m) 26,100 cubic feet (740 m3)
48 Ghost Packsaddle Grove 35°55′26″N 118°35′34″W / 35.92389°N 118.59278°W / 35.92389; -118.59278[43] 180.6 feet (55.0 m) 95.0 feet (29.0 m) 30.2 feet (9.2 m) 25,047 cubic feet (709.3 m3)

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 This table presents giant sequoias sorted by the volume of their trunks. In December 2012, Stephen Sillett announced a measurement of the President tree with a total of 54,000 cubic feet (1,500 m3) of wood and 9,000 cubic feet (250 m3) of wood in the branches.[22][23] Ranked according to the total amount of wood in the tree, the General Sherman tree is first, the President tree is second, and the General Grant tree is third.[22][23] General Sherman has 2,000 cubic feet (57 m3) more wood than the President tree.[22]

References

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  2. 1 2 United States Forest Service (2010). "Welcome to the Giant Sequoia National Monument". Sequoia National Forest. Porterville, California: Giant Sequoia National Monument, Sequoia National Forest, United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  3. National Park Service (2010). "Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias". Plan Your Visit. Washington, DC: National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  4. Martin, G (2006-09-07). "Eureka! New tallest living thing discovered". San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco). Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  5. Earle, CJ (2011). "Sequoia sempervirens". The Gymnosperm Database. Olympia, Washington: self-published. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  6. Earle, CJ (2011). "Pinus longaeva". The Gymnosperm Database. Olympia, Washington: self-published. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  7. 1 2 National Park Service (2009). "The Giant Sequoia: Forest Masterpiece". Sequoia and Kings Canyon: Plants. Washington, DC: National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  8. Zinke, PJ; Stangenberger, AG (1994). Soil and Nutrient Element Aspects of Sequoiadendron Giganteum (General Technical Report PSW-151) (PDF) (Report). USDA Forest Service. pp. 69–77. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  9. 1 2 Willard, D (1994). "The Natural Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron Giganteum) Groves of the Sierra Nevada, California-An Updated Annotated List" (PDF). USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  10. Schaffer, JP (1998). The Tahoe Sierra: a natural history guide to 112 hikes in the northern Sierra (1st ed.). Berkeley, California: Wilderness Press. pp. 138–42. ISBN 978-0-89997-220-6.
  11. National Geographic Magazine, December 2012
  12. 1 2 Weatherspoon, CP (1990). "Sequoiadendron giganteum (Giant Sequoia)". In Burns, RM; Honkala, BH. Silvics of North America (Agriculture Handbook 654). Volume 1: Conifers. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
  13. Sillett, SC; Spickler, JC; Van Pelt, R (2001). "Crown structure of the world's second largest tree (abstract only)". Madroño 47 (2): 127–33. ISSN 0024-9637.
  14. 1 2 Block, M (2005-02-25). "Giant 'Washington Tree' Gets Smaller". NPR. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  15. 1 2 3 National Park Service (1997). "The General Sherman Tree". Sequoia National Park. Washington, DC: National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Flint, WD (2002). To Find the Biggest Tree (1st ed.). Three Rivers, California: Sequoia Natural History Association. ISBN 978-1-878441-09-6.
  17. "General Sherman Tree". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  18. Stephenson, NL (2002). "Estimated Ages of Some Large Giant Sequoias: General Sherman Keeps Getting Younger". Sierra Nature Notes: the Online Journal of Natural History News in the Sierra Nevada 2 (1).
  19. "General Grant Tree". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  20. Fischer, D (2003-12-08). "Nation's Christmas tree aged 1,650 General Grant in Kings Canyon National Park no young whippersnapper". Oakland Tribune (Oakland, California). Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  21. "President - World's 2nd Largest Tree". Famous Redwoods. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
  22. 1 2 3 Cone, Tracie (2012-12-01). "Upon further review, giant sequoia tops a neighbor". Associated Press.
  23. 1 2 Quammen, David. "Giant Sequoias". National Geographic.
  24. "Giant redwood dedicated to memory of late president". National Lumber Bulletin. September 7, 1923. p. 13.
  25. "Lincoln - World's 4th Largest Tree". Famous Redwoods. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
  26. "Stagg - World's 5th Largest Tree". Famous Redwoods.
  27. United States Forest Service (2010). "Alder Creek Grove". Giant Sequoia Groves. Porterville, California: Giant Sequoia National Monument, Sequoia National Forest, United States Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  28. "Converse Basin Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Mountain Home Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  30. Flint, WD; Law, M (1988). "The Genesis Tree" (PDF). Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest Newsletter 1988 (8): 1–8. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Giant Forest Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  32. "Garfield Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  33. "General Grant Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  34. 1 2 "Kennedy Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  35. 1 2 "Mariposa Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  36. 1 2 3 "Atwell Mill Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  37. Cook, NW; Dulitz, DJ (1979). "Measuring the Adam tree, largest Sierra redwood on the Mountain Home State Forest" (PDF). State Forest Notes 73 (January): 1–5. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  38. 1 2 "Redwood Mountain Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  39. 1 2 "Nelder Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  40. "Hart tree". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  41. 1 2 "Freeman Creek Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  42. "Black Mountain Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  43. 1 2 3 "Packsaddle Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  44. "Muir Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  45. "Calaveras Big Trees State Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  46. 1 2 3 "McIntyre Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  47. "Long Meadow Grove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Further reading

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