List of non-extant papal tombs

Despite his being regarded as martyred into the Black Sea, multiple churches have laid claims to the translated relics of Pope Clement I.

This is a list of non-extant papal tombs, which includes tombs not included on the list of extant papal tombs. Information about these tombs is generally incomplete and uncertain.

Chronologically, the main locations of destroyed or unknown papal tombs have been: the obscure tombs of the first two centuries of popes near Saint Peter, the repeated waves of translations from the Catacombs of Rome, the demolition of the papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica, and the 1306 and 1361 fires in the Basilica of St. John Lateran.

Papal tombs have also been destroyed by other instances of fire, remodeling, and war (most recently, World War II). Others are unknown due to creative or geographically remote methods of martyrdom, or—in the case of Pope Clement I—both. Burial in churches outside the Aurelian Walls of Rome (Italian: fuori le Mura)—in the basilicas of Paul or Lorenzo—have not generally survived.

Main locations

The main locations of destroyed or lost papal tombs include:

Saint Peter's tomb, around which the following popes were traditionally believed to have been buried: Pope Linus, Pope Anacletus, Pope Evaristus. Pope Telesphorus, Pope Hyginus, Pope Pius I, Pope Anicetus (later transferred to the Catacomb of Callixtus), Pope Victor I.^[1] Epigraphic evidence exists only for Linus, with the discovery of a burial slab marked "Linus" in 1615; however, the slab is broken such that it could have once read "Aquilinius" or "Anullinus".^[2]
The Catacombs of Rome, specifically the Catacomb of Callixtus, the Catacomb of Priscilla (and San Silvestro in Capite, built over the catacomb), the Catacomb of Balbina, the Catacomb of Calepodius, the Catacomb of Pontian, and the Catacomb of Felicitas, which were emptied by repeated translations by the ninth century^[3]
Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica, which once numbered over 100 papal tombs, nearly all of which were destroyed during the sixteenth/seventeenth century demolition^[4]
Basilica of St. John Lateran, where over a dozen tombs were destroyed in two fires (1308 and 1361)^[5]

Other destroyed or unknown tombs

1st century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
88/92–97/101		Clement I Saint Clement			According to doctrine, translated to the Church of the Tithes (Kiev)^[6]	According to doctrine thrown into the Black Sea near Crimea, translated to the Church of the Holy Apostles, then Basilica di San Clemente, then the Church of the Tithes.^[6]

2nd century

Pontificate	Common English name	Location
105/107–115/116	Alexander I Saint Alexander	Competing claims (involving translation):^[7] Santa Sabina (Rome) San Pelino at Valva (Sulmona) Paeligni Basilica Freising, Bavaria (Catholic Encyclopedia)
115/116–125	Sixtus I Saint Sixtus	Competing claims (involving translation and a finger):^[8] Alatri Cathedral Alife Cathedral Abbey of St. Michael (Lorraine)
174/175–189	Eleuterus Saint Eleutherus	Competing claims:^[9] Near Peter, on Vatican Hill San Giovanni della Pigna Santa Susanna (American Church in Rome)

5th century

Pontificate	Common English name	Location	Notes
31 July 432–March/August 440	Sixtus III Saint Sixtus	San Lorenzo fuori le Mura^[10]	Then called San Lorenzo al Verano; sarcophagus destroyed, possibly in 1943^[10]
19 November 461 - 29 February 468	Hilarius Saint Hilarius	San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, crypt^[11]	Then called San Lorenzo al Verano
13 March 483 - 1 March 492	Felix III (Felix II) Saint Felix	Either San Paolo fuori le Mura or the cyrpt of Santissima Concenzione near Piazza Barberini^[12]

6th century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
1 June 536 - 11 November 537		Silverius Saint Silverius			Palmaria^[13]	Non-contemporary shrine extant on Ponza Island^[14]
29 March 537 - 7 June 555		Vigilius			Either San Marcello on the Via Salaria (Oxford Dictionary of Popes) or San Silvestre over the Catacomb of Priscilla on the Via Salaria (Catholic Encyclopedia)^[15]

7th century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
July 649 - 16 September 655		Martin I Saint Martin			Church of our Lady (Blachdernæ), near Chersonesus	No trace of the Church or tomb remains^[16]

9th century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
25 January 817 - 11 February 824		Paschal I Saint Paschal			Unknown, but likely destroyed	Alleged to have been buried in the chapel of St. Zeno of Santa Prassade (disproved by modern research); possibly buried under the altar of the oratory of Saints Processus and Martiniano and lost when the oratory was moved in 1548 or 1605.^[17]

10th century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
July 903–September 903		Leo V			Unknown but destroyed	Either cremated and thrown in the Tiber, buried (and thus destroyed) in Old Saint Peter's, or buried whole in Basilica of St. John Lateran^[18]
1 October 965 - 6 September 972		John XIII			Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls	Destroyed^[19]

11th century

Pontificate	Common English name	Location	Notes
June 1003–December 1003	John XVII	Unknown but destroyed	Either San Paolo fuori le Mura, Basilica of St. John Lateran or Santa Sabina^[20]
25 December 1003–July 1009	John XVIII	Unknown but destroyed	Either San Paolo fuori le Mura or Basilica of St. John Lateran^[21]
1032–1044	Benedict IX	Abbey of Grottaferrata	Discovered on March 4, 1739; destroyed during World War II^[22]
1045	Sylvester III	Unknown^[23]
13 April 1055–28 July 1057	Victor II	Santa Maria Rotunda (Ravenna)	Destroyed; claimed reburied in San Reparata (Florence) unsupported by evidence^[24]
2 August 1057–29 March 1058	Stephen IX, O.S.B.	Santa Reparata (Florence)	Tomb discovered in 1357 during the laying of the foundation for the new Duomo^[24]
6 December 1058–27 July 1061	Nicholas II	Santa Reparata (Florence)	Possibly reburied in the outer left aisle of St. Peter's; no remains of tomb in either today^[24]
30 September 1061–21 April 1073	Alexander II	Unknown but lost	Either St. John Lateran or St. Peter's^[24]

12th century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
21 October 1187–17 December 1187		Gregory VIII, Can. Reg.			Pisa Cathedral, Chapel of Our Lady	Destroyed in the fire of 1600;^[25] ordered the desecration of the tomb of Antipope Victor IV in Lucca on his way to Pisa, where he died

13th century

Pontificate	Portrait	Common English name	Tomb	Sculptor	Location	Notes
18 July 1216–18 March 1227		Honorius III			Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore	No longer extant^[26]
12 December 1254–25 May 1261		Alexander IV			Viterbo Cathedral	Destroyed in 1490;^[27] no longer extant^[28]

Notes

↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 23-26.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 23.
↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 10-11.
↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 272-277.
↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 70-109.
1 2 Reardon, 2004, pp. 23–24.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 24.
↑ Reardon, 2004, pp. 24–25.
↑ Reardon, 2005, p. 26.
1 2 Reardon, 2004, p. 40.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 41.
↑ Reardon, 2004, 41–42.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 44.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 270.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 45.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 53.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 61.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 69.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 73.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 79.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 80.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 81.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 82.
1 2 3 4 Reardon, 2004, p. 85.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 98.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 100.
↑ Reardon, 2004, p. 103.
↑ Frothingham, A. L., Jr. (1891). "Notes on Roman Artists of the Middle Ages. III. Two Tombs of the Popes at Viterbo by Vassallectus and Petrus Oderisi". The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, 7(1/2): 38.

References

Reardon, Wendy J. 2004. The Deaths of the Popes. Macfarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-1527-4

Popes of the Catholic Church

List of popes canonised Tombs extant non-extant Antipope Pope emeritus Papal resignation Pope-elect

1st–4th centuries During the Roman Empire (until 493) including under Constantine (312–337)	Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleuterus Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I

5th–8th centuries Ostrogothic Papacy (493–537) Byzantine Papacy (537–752) Frankish Papacy (756–857)	Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III

9th–12th centuries Papal selection before 1059 Saeculum obscurum (904–964) Crescentii era (974–1012) Tusculan Papacy (1012–1044/1048) Imperial Papacy (1048–1257)	Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Benedict IX Gregory VI Clement II Benedict IX Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III

13th–16th centuries Viterbo (1257–1281) Orvieto (1262–1297) Perugia (1228–1304) Avignon Papacy (1309–1378) Western Schism (1378–1417) Renaissance Papacy (1417–1534) Reformation Papacy (1534–1585) Baroque Papacy (1585–1689)	Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII

17th–20th centuries Revolutionary Papacy (1775–1848) Roman Question (1870–1929) Vatican City (1929–present) World War II (1939–1945)	Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II

21st century	Benedict XVI Francis

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