List of refractive indices

Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices depend strongly upon the frequency of light. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at the "yellow doublet" sodium D line, with a wavelength of 589 nanometers.

There are also weaker dependencies on temperature, pressure/stress, etc., as well on precise material compositions (presence of dopants, etc.); for many materials and typical conditions, however, these variations are at the percent level or less. Thus, it is especially important to cite the source for an index measurement if precision is required.

In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with both a real and imaginary part, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength—thus, the imaginary part is sometimes called the extinction coefficient k. Such losses become particularly significant, for example, in metals at short (e.g. visible) wavelengths, and must be included in any description of the refractive index.

Refraction, critical angle and total internal reflection of light at the interface between two media.

List

Some representative refractive indices
Materialλ (nm)nRef.
Vacuum 1 (by definition)
Air at STP 1.000277
Gases at 0 °C and 1 atm
Air589.291.000293[1]
Carbon dioxide589.291.001[2][3][4]
Helium589.291.000036[1]
Hydrogen589.291.000132[1]
Liquids at 20 °C
Arsenic trisulfide and sulfur in methylene iodide 1.9[5]
Benzene589.291.501[1]
Carbon disulfide589.291.628[1]
Carbon tetrachloride589.291.461[1]
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)589.291.361[1]
Silicone oil 1.336–1.582[6]
Water589.291.330[1]
10% Glucose solution in water589.291.3477[7]
20% Glucose solution in water589.291.3635[7]
60% Glucose solution in water589.291.4394[7]
Solids at room temperature
Titanium dioxide (rutile phase)589.292.614[8][9]
Diamond589.292.419[1]
Silicon carbide (Moissanite) 2.65–2.69
Strontium titanate589.292.41[10]
Amber589.291.55[1]
Fused silica (a pure form of glass, also called fused quartz)589.291.458[1][11]
Sodium chloride589.291.544[12]
Other materials
Liquid helium 1.025
Water ice 1.31
Cornea (human) 1.373/1.380/1.401 [13]
Lens (human) 1.386–1.406
Acetone 1.36
Ethanol 1.36
Glycerol 1.4729
Bromine 1.661
TFE/PDD (Teflon AF) 1.315 [14][15]
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) 1.35–1.38[16]
Cytop 1.34 [17]
Sylgard 184 (polydimethylsiloxane) 1.4118 [18]
Polylactic acid 1.46[19]
Acrylic glass 1.490–1.492
Polycarbonate 1.60
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 1.4893–1.4899
PETg 1.57
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 1.5750
Kerosene 1.39
Crown glass (pure) 1.50–1.54
Flint glass (pure) 1.60–1.62
Crown glass (impure) 1.485–1.755
Flint glass (impure) 1.523–1.925
Pyrex (a borosilicate glass) 1.470[20]
Cryolite 1.338
Halite (rock salt) 1.516
Sapphire 1.762–1.778
Sugar solution, 25% 1.3723[21]
Sugar solution, 50% 1.4200[21]
Sugar solution, 75% 1.4774[21]
Cubic zirconia 2.15–2.18[22]
Potassium niobate (KNbO3) 2.28
Cinnabar (mercury sulfide) 3.02
Gallium(III) phosphide 3.5
Gallium(III) arsenide 3.927
Zinc oxide3902.4
Germanium3000 - 16000 4.05–4.01[23]
Silicon 1200 - 8500 3.48–3.42[24]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Zajac, Alfred; Hecht, Eugene (18 March 2003). Optics, Fourth Edition. Pearson Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-321-18878-6.
  2. ↑ Morgan, Joseph (1953). Introduction to Geometrical and Physical Optics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, INC.
  3. ↑ Hodgman, Charles D. (1957). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
  4. ↑ Pedrotti, Frank L.; Pedrotti, Leno M.; Pedrotti, Leno S. (2007). Introduction to Optics, Third Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 221. ISBN 0-13-149933-5.
  5. ↑ Meyrowitz, R, A compilation and classification of immersion media of high index of refraction, American Mineralogist 40: 398 (1955)
  6. ↑ "Silicone Fluids: Stable and Inert Material" (PDF). Gelest, Inc. 1998.
  7. 1 2 3 Lide, David R. Lide, ed. (2001). CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry (82nd ed.). Cleveland, OH: The Chemical Rubber Company. ISBN 0-8493-0482-2.
  8. ↑ Polyanskiy, Mikhail N. "Optical constants of TiO2 (Titanium dioxide)". Refractive Index Database.
  9. ↑ Shannon, Robert D.; Shannon, Ruth C.; Medenbach, Olaf; Fischer, Reinhard X. (25 Oct 2002). "Refractive Index and Dispersion of Fluorides and Oxides" (PDF). J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (American Institute of Physics) 31 (4): 931–970.
  10. ↑ Frye, Asa; French, R. H.; Bonnell, D. A. (2003). "Optical properties and electronic structure of oxidized and reduced single-crystal strontium titanate" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Metallkunde 94 (3): 226. doi:10.3139/146.030226. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  11. ↑ Tan, G; Lemon, M.; Jones, D.; French, R. (2005). "Optical properties and London dispersion interaction of amorphous and crystalline {SiO2} determined by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry" (PDF). Physical Review B 72 (20). Bibcode:2005PhRvB..72t5117T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.205117. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  12. ↑ Serway, Raymond A.; Faughn, Jerry S. (2003). College Physics, 6th Edition. Brooks/Cole. p. 692. ISBN 978-0-03-035114-3.
  13. ↑ Patel, S; Marshall, J; Fitzke, FW 3rd. (Mar–Apr 1995). "Refractive index of the human corneal epithelium and stroma". J Refract Surg. 11 (2): 100–105. PMID 7634138.
  14. ↑ "Teflon AF". Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  15. ↑ Yang, Min K. (July 2008). "Optical properties of Teflon® {AF} amorphous fluoropolymers" (PDF). Journal of Micro/Nano Lithogrpahy 7 (3): 033010. doi:10.1117/1.2965541. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  16. ↑ French, Roger H.; Rodriguez-Parada, J. M.; Yang, M. K.; et al. (2009). "Optical properties of materials for concentrator photovoltaic systems" (PDF). IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference: 000394. doi:10.1109/PVSC.2009.5411657. ISBN 978-1-4244-2949-3. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  17. ↑ "CYTOP Amorphous Fluoropolymer". AGCCE Chemicals Europe, Ltd. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  18. ↑ "184 Silicone Elastomer" (PDF) (Product Information). Dow Corning. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  19. ↑ Gonçalves, Carla M. B.; Coutinho, Joa˜o A. P.; Marrucho, Isabel M. (2010). "Poly(Lactic Acid): Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, and Applications; Chapter 8: Optical Properties". p. 97. doi:10.1002/9780470649848.ch8. ISBN 9780470649848. Retrieved 2012-10-25. |chapter= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ University of Liverpool. "Absolute Refractive Index". Materials Teaching Educational Resources. MATTER Project. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
  21. 1 2 3 "Manual for Sugar Solution Prism" (PDF). A/S S. Frederiksen. 03.08.05. Retrieved 2012-03-21. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ↑ French, Roger H.; Glass, S.; Ohuchi, F.; et al. (1994). "Experimental and theoretical determination of the electronic structure and optical properties of three phases of {ZrO2}" (PDF). Physical Review B 49 (8): 5133. Bibcode:1994PhRvB..49.5133F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.49.5133. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  23. ↑ "Germanium". Pmoptics.com. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  24. ↑ "Silicon". Pmoptics.com. Retrieved 2014-08-21.

External links

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