List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran

Aratta kingdom, c. 2700 BC

Name		Date	Family Relations	Note
Aratta kingdom,[1] c. 2700 BC
1	In-Su-Kush-Siranna	c. 2700 BC	?	contemporary with Enmerkar king of Uruk

Elamite Empire, c. 2700 – 519 BC

The Elamites were a people located in southwestern Iran, in what is now Khuzestan, Ilam, Fars, Bushehr, Lorestan, Bakhtiari and Kohgiluyeh provinces. Their language was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, and they were the geographic precursors of the Persian/Median empire that later appeared. For a full list of Elamite kings and sub-kings see:

• List of rulers of Elam

Western Kingdoms, c. 2550–c. 700 BC

Marhasi kingdom,^[2][3] c. 2550–c. 1900 BC

Some scholars suggested that Warakhshe were located in southeastern Iran in modern Baluchistan

1. Migirenlil (c. 2550 BC)
2. Unnamed King (c. 2325 BC)
3. Abalgamash (c. 2316 – 2312 BC)
4. Hubshumkibi (c. 2270 BC contemporary with Naram-Sin king of Akkad)
5. Unnamed King (c. 2080 BC)
6. Hashibatal (c. 2070 BC contemporary with Shulgi king of Ur)
7. Arvilukpi (c. 2050 BC contemporary with Amar-Sin king of Ur)
8. Pariashum (c. 2045 BC contemporary with Amar-Sin king of Ur)
9. Libanugshabash (2044–c. 2033 BC)
10. Mashhundahli (c. 2020 BC contemporary with Ibbi-Sin king of Ur)

Namar kingdom,^[2] c. 24th century–c. 750 BC

1. Tishari (c. 2350 BC)
2. Inbir (c. 2290 BC)
3. Sadarmat (c. 2270 BC)
4. Arisen (c. 2260 BC)
5. Unknown Queen (c. 1764 BC)
6. Karziyabku (c. 1200 BC)
7. Ritti-Marduk (c. 1110 BC)
8. Marduk-Mudammiq (until 842/4 BC)
9. Ianzu (842/4–834/5 BC)

Zakhara kingdom,^[2][3] c. 2350–c. 2250 BC

1. The unnamed prince of Zakhara (c. 2315 BCE)
2. Ungapi (c. 2315 BCE). Regent of Zakhara
3. The unnamed king of Zakhara (after 2254 BCE)

Ganhar kingdom,^[2] c. 21st century BC

1. Kisari (c. 2071–c. 2050 BC)
2. Warad-Nannar (c. 2035 BC)

Eshnuna kingdom, c. 21st century–c. 8th century BC

1. Urguedinna (c. 2000 BC) Governor under Shulgi of the Ur III
2. Kallamu (contemporary of Shulgi of the Ur III)
3. Ituria (contemporary of Shu-Sin of the Ur III)
4. Ilushuilia (contemporary of Ibbi-Sin of the Ur III)
5. Nurakhum (contemporary of Ibbi-Sin of the Ur III and Ishbi-Erra of Isin)
6. Kirikiri
7. Bilalama (contemporary of Tan-Ruhuratir I of Elam)
8. Isharramashu
9. Usurawasu
10. Ur-Ninmar
11. Ur-Ningizzida
12. Ipiq-Adad I (contemporary of Abdi-Erah of Khafajah and Sumu-abum of Babylon)
13. Sarriia
14. Warassa
15. Belakum
16. Ibal-pi-El I
17. Ipiq-Adad II (c. 1700 BC reigned at least 36 years)
18. Naram-Sin (contemporary of Shamshi-Adad) Son of Ipiq-Adad II
19. Dannum-tahaz (Approximate position)
20. Dadusha (contemporary of Shamshi-Adad) Son of Ipiq-Adad II
21. Ibal-pi-El II (contemporary of Zimri-Lim of Mari) Killed by Siwe-Palar-Hupak of Elam who captured Eshnunna
22. Silli-Sin

Zabshali kingdom,^[2] c. 2050–c. 2000 BC

1. Ziringu (until after 2038 BC)
2. Indasu (c. 2032 BC)
3. Unknown king (c. 2024 BC) (His wife was Tukin-khațța-migrisha daughter of Ibbi-Sin king of Ur)

Northwestern Kingdoms, c. 2550 – 521 BC

Kuti kingdom,^[2][3] c. 2550–c. 2100 BC

Throne Name		Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Kuti kingdom, c. 2550–c. 2100 BC
1	Unnamed king of Kuti			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2550 BC	?	?	contemporary with Lugal-Anne-Mundu king of Adab
2	Erridupizir			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2256 BC	c. 2251 BC	?
3	Imta or Nibia			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2250 BC	c. 2246 BC	?
4	Inkishush			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2245 BC	c. 2240 BC	?
5	Zarlagab			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2239 BC	c. 2234 BC	?
6	Shulme			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2233 BC	c. 2228 BC	?
7	Elulmesh or Silulumesh			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2227 BC	c. 2222 BC	?
8	Duga			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2221 BC	c. 2216 BC	?
9	Iluan			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2215 BC	c. 2213 BC	?
10	Inimabakesh			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2212 BC	c. 2208 BC	?
11	Inkishush			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2207 BC	c. 2202 BC	?
12	Yarlagab			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2201 BC	c. 2187 BC	?
13	Ibate			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2186 BC	c. 2184 BC	?
14	Yarlagab or Yarla			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2183 BC	c. 2181 BC	?
15	Kurum			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2180 BC	c. 2180 BC	?
16	Apilkin			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2179 BC	c. 2177 BC	?
17	La-erabum			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2176 BC	c. 2175 BC	?
18	Irarum			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2174 BC	c. 2173 BC	?
19	Ibranum			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2172 BC	c. 2172 BC	?
20	Hablum			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2171 BC	c. 2170 BC	?
21	Puzur-Suen			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2169 BC	c. 2163 BC	?
22	Yarlaganda			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2162 BC	c. 2156 BC	?
23	Si'um or Si'u			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2155 BC	c. 2121 BC	?
24	Tirigan			King of Kutians	?–?	c. 2120 BC	c. 2120 BC	?	40 days

Lullubi kingdom,^[2][3] c. 2400–c. 650 BC

1. Immashkush (c. 2400 BC)
2. Anubanini (c. 2350 BC) he ordered to make an inscription on the rock near Sar-e Pol-e Zahab
3. Satuni (c. 2270 BC contemporary with Naram-Sin king of Akkad and Hita king of Awan)
4. Irib (c. 2037 BC)
5. Darianam (c. 2000 BC)
6. Ikki (precise dates unknown)
7. Tar...duni (precise dates unknown) son of Ikki. his inscription is found near the inscription of Anubanini
8. Nur-Adad (c. 881 – 880 BC)
9. Zabini (c. 881 BC)
10. Hubaia (c. 830 BC) vassal of Assyrians
11. Dada (c. 715 BC)
12. Larkutla (c. 675 BC)

Gilzan kingdom,^[2] c. 900–c. 820 BC

1. Unknown king (c. 883–c. 880 BC)
2. Asau (c. mid-9th century BC)
3. Upu (c. 827 BC)

Urartu kingdom, c. 860 – 547 BC

1. Arame 858–844 BC
2. Lutipri 844–834 BC
3. Sarduri I 834–828 BC
4. Ishpuini 828–810 BC
5. Menua 810–785 BC
6. Argishti I 785–753 BC
7. Sarduri II 753–735 BC
8. Rusa I 735–714 BC
9. Argishti II 714–680 BC
10. Rusa II 680–639 BC
11. Sarduri III 639–635 BC
12. Eriména 635–629 BC
13. Rusa III 629–590 or 629–615 BC
14. Sarduri IV 615–595 BC
15. Rusa IV 595–585 BC

Ida kingdom,^[2] c. 860–c. 710 BC

1. Nikdiara (c. 855/6–c. 827 BC)
2. Sharsina (c. 821–c. 820 BC)
3. Parnua (c. 713 BC)

Allabria,^[2] c. 850–c. 710 BC

1. Ianziburiash (c. 842 BC)
2. Artasari (c. 829 BC)
3. Bēl-apla-iddina (until 716 BC)
4. Itti (c. 711 BC)

Gizilbunda kingdom,^[2] c. 850–c. 700 BC

1. Pirishati (until 820 BC) (in Urash)
2. Titamashka (c. 820 BC) (in Sasiashu)
3. Kiara (c. 820 BC) (in Kar-Sibutu)
4. Engur (c. 820 BC) (in Sibaru)
5. Zizi (c. 714 BC) (in Appatar)
6. Zala (c. 714 BC) (in Kit-Patia)

Araziash kingdom,^[2] c. 850 – 716 BC

1. Barua (precise dates unknown)
2. Munsuarta (c. 820 BC)
3. Unknown king (c. 775–c. 772 BC)
4. Ramatea (c. 744 BC)
5. Satareshu (c. 713 BC)

Andia Kingdom,^[2][3] c. 850–c. 700 BC

1. Unnamed king of Andia (c. 827 BC) contemporary with Daian-Ashur military leader of Assyrian empire in western Iran
2. Telusina (c. 719 – 715 BC) who revolted against king of Manna and was defeated by Sargon II king of Assyria

Zikartu kingdom,^[2] c. 750 – 521 BC

1. The unnamed king of Zikartu (c. 744 BC)
2. Mettati (c. 719 – 714 BC)
3. Bagparna (from 714 BC)
4. Tritantaechmes (until July 15, 521 BC)

Median dynasty, 726–521 BC

The Medes were an Iranian people. The Persians, a closely related and subject people, revolted against the Median empire during the 6th century BC.

Throne Name		Original Name	Portrait	Title	Born-Died	Entered office	Left office	Family Relations	Note
Median dynasty,[4] 726–521 BC
1	Deioces	Dahiaukka			? – 674 BC	726 BC	674 BC	son of Phraortes	Deposed by Assyrians
2	Xšaθrita I	Phraortes (?)			? – 652 BC	674 BC	652 BC	son of Deioces	Killed in battle with Assyrians and Scythians. Domination of Scythian kingdom 652–625 BC
3	Cyaxares	Huvaxšaθra			? – 585 BC	625 BC	585 BC	son of Xšaθrita I	Allied with Nabopolassar of Babylon and destroyed Assyria
4	Astyages	Ishtuvigu			? – 585 BC	585 BC	550 BC	son of Cyaxares	Deposed and later killed
5	Cyaxares II	Fravartish			? – May 521 BC	December 522 BC	May 8, 521 BC	descendant of Cyaxares	Killed by Darius I

Scythian kingdom,^[2][3] c. 700–c. 530 BC

1. Ishpaka (until c. 673 BC)
2. Partatua (from c. 673 BC)
3. Madea (c. 658/9–c. 625 BC) son of Partatua
4. .......
5. .......
6. Eruvand (before 550 – 547 BC)
7. Tigran (from 547 BC) son of Eruvand

Southern Kingdoms, 27th century–550 BC

Dilmun kingdom,^[5] 27th century–7th century BC

1. Ziusudra (27th century BC)
2. Rimun (c. 1550 BC)
3. Usiananuri, grandfather of Uballissu-Marduk (precise dates unknown)
4. Ilī-ippašra (contemporary with Burnaburiash II and Kurigalzu II)
5. Operi (c. 710 BC)
6. Hundaru I (c. 650 BC)
7. Qena (c. 680–c. 670 BC)
8. Hundaru II (706–685 BC)

Gunilaha kingdom, c. 2350–c. 2300 BC

1. Hidarida[...] (c. 2325 BC)^[6]

Makkan kingdom,^[3] 23rd century - 550 BC

1. Mannudannu (contemporary with Naram-Sin king of Akkad)

Bashimi kingdom,^[3] c. 2100–c. 1900 BC

1. Ilsurabi (precise dates unknown)
2. Ibalum (precise dates unknown)
3. Warad-Nannar (contemporary with Shu-Sin king of Ur)
4. Ir-Nanna (contemporary with Ibbi-Sin king of Ur)
5. The unnamed king of Bashimi (c. 1930 BC)

Zabum kingdom,^[3] 21st century BC

1. Abummisar (precise dates unknown)
2. Abuq-iu-bani (precise dates unknown)
3. Unnamed king of Zabum (until 2064 BC)
4. Shalhuni (from 2064 BC)
5. Warad-Nannar (contemporary with Shu-Sin king of Ur and the same king of Bashimi)

Achaemenid Kings of Parsumash, c. 710–c. 635 BC

1. Achaemenes, founder of the dynasty.
2. Teispes (I) son of Achaemenes c. 710–c. 685 BC
3. Cambyses (I) son of Teispes (I) c. 685–c. 660 BC
4. Cyrus (I) son of Cambyses (I) c. 660–c. 635 BC

Achaemenid Kings of Anshan, c. 635 – 550 BC

1. Teispes of Anshan, or Teispes (II) son of Achaemenes or Cyrus (I), king of Persia, king of Anshan, c. 635–c. 610 BC^[7]
2. Cyrus I of Anshan or Cyrus (II), son of Teispes (II), king of Anshan c. 610–c. 585 BC^[7]
3. Cambyses I of Anshan or Cambyses (II), his son, king of Anshan c. 585 – 559 BC^[7]
4. Cyrus II the Great or Cyrus (III), his son, king of Anshan 559–529. He conquered the Median Empire in 550 and established the Persian Empire.

• Line of Ariaramnes

1. Ariaramnes of Persia, son of Teispes (II), king of Persia. His reign is doubtful.
2. Arsames of Persia, son of Ariaramnes, king of Persia until 550, died after 520. His reign is doubtful.
3. His son Hystaspes was Satrap of Parthia under Cambyses II, Smerdis and his son Darius.

References

1. Cameron, 1936; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997.
2. Ghashghai, 2011.
3. Legrain, 1922; Cameron, 1936; D’yakonov, 1956; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997.
4. Cameron, 1936; D’yakonov, 1956; The Cambridge History of Iran
5. Legrain, 1922; Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997.
6. Cameron, 1936, Persian tr. p.25.
7. Miroschedji, 1985.

Bibliography

• Cameron, George, "History of Early Iran", Chicago, 1936 (repr., Chicago, 1969; tr. E.-J. Levin, L’histoire de l’Iran antique, Paris, 1937; tr. H. Anusheh, ایران در سپیده دم تاریخ, Tehran, 1993)
• D’yakonov, I. M., "Istoriya Midii ot drevenĭshikh vremen do kontsa IV beka de e.E" (The history of Media from ancient times to the end of the 4th century BCE), Moscow and Leningrad, 1956; tr. Karim Kešāvarz as Tāriḵ-e Mād, Tehran, 1966.
• Ghashghai, Hamid Reza, Chronicle of early Iran history, Tehran, Avegan press, 2011 (in Persian: گاهنمای سپیده دم تاریخ در ایران )
• Hinz, W., "The Lost World of Elam", London, 1972 (tr. F. Firuznia, دنیای گمشده ایلام, Tehran, 1992)
• Legrain, Leon, "Historical Fragments", Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications of the Babylonian Section, vol. XIII, 1922.
• Majidzadeh, Yusef, "History and civilization of Elam", Tehran, Iran University Press, 1991.
• Majidzadeh, Yusef, "History and civilization of Mesopotamia", Tehran, Iran University Press, 1997, vol.1.
• Potts, D. T., The Archaeology of Elam, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
• The Cambridge Ancient History
• The Cambridge History of Iran
• Vallat, Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York, 1998.