List of the oldest synagogues in the United States

Touro Synagogue, (founded c. 1658) Newport, Rhode Island, 1759 building

Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue,(founded 1740s) Charleston, South Carolina, 1840 building

Congregation Shearith Israel, (founded 1655) New York, 1897 building

The designation of the oldest synagogue in the United States requires careful use of definitions, and must be divided into two parts, the oldest in the sense of oldest surviving building, and the oldest in the sense of oldest congregation. Even here, there is the distinction between old synagogue buildings that have been in continuous use as synagogues, and those that have been converted to other purposes, between buildings that have been in continuous use as synagogues and those, such as the Touro, that were shuttered for many decades, and between early established congregations that have been in continuous existence and early congregations that ceased to exist.

Oldest congregations

Sephardi congregations

All of the oldest congregations in the new world were founded by Sephardi Jews and followed the Sephardic liturgy.

Congregation Mickve Israel, Savannah, Georgia, 1874 building

• Congregation Shearith Israel, 1654, in New York City, is the oldest congregation in the United States, its present building dates from 1897.
• Congregation Jeshuat Israel, ca. 1658, in Newport, Rhode Island, is dated to sometime after the arrival of Jews in 1658 and prior to the 1677 purchase of a communal cemetery, now known as Touro Cemetery. Prayers were conducted in private homes until Congregation Jeshuat Israel, the Touro Synagogue, was established in the 1750s. In much of the nineteenth century no Jews lived in Newport and the ownership of the building and synagogue were entrusted to Congregation Shearith Israel. The building was reopened for the use of Ashkenazi Jews in 1883.
• Congregation Mickve Israel of Savannah, Georgia, was organized in 1733.^[1]
• Congregation Mikveh Israel of Philadelphia was organized in the 1740s.^[1]
• Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue, Charleston, South Carolina, was founded in the 1740s.^[1]
• Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalom, Richmond, Virginia, was founded in 1789. In 1898, it merged with Congregation Beth Ahabah, which was founded in 1841.
• The St. Thomas Synagogue in the United States Virgin Islands was founded in 1796.
• Nefutzoth Yehudah (Congregation Dispersed of Judah) in New Orleans, Louisiana, was founded in 1846. In 1881, it merged with the Ashkenazic congregation Shanarai-Chasset (Congregation Gates of Mercy) to form Touro Synagogue. The congregation joined the Reform movement in 1891.^[2]

Ashkenazi congregations

Until 1795, all congregations in the United States were Sephardic, although many or even most of the members of these congregations were descended from Eastern European Jews.^[3]

• Congregation Rodeph Shalom (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), founded in 1795 is the oldest Ashkenazi congregation in the United States.
• K.K. Bene Israel in Cincinnati, Ohio, now known as the Rockdale Temple (1824) is the oldest congregation west of the Alleghany Mountains and the second oldest Ashkenazi congregation in the United States.
• B'nai Jeshurun in New York City, founded 1825, is the third oldest Ashkenazi congregation in the United States.
• Shanarai-Chasset (Congregation Gates of Mercy) in New Orleans, Louisiana, was founded in 1828. In 1881, it merged with the Sephardic Nefutzoth Yehudah (Congregation Dispersed of Judah) to form Touro Synagogue in New Orleans. The congregation joined the Reform movement in 1891.^[2]

Oldest existing buildings

This list includes only buildings that are still standing. Some are still in use as synagogues, others have been repurposed.

Angel Orensanz Center

Adas Israel, Washington, D.C., 1876

• The Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island, is the oldest Jewish house of worship in North America that is still standing. (1759)
• Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue, Charleston, South Carolina (1840)
• Lloyd Street Synagogue, Baltimore (1845)
• Angel Orensanz Center, New York City (1849); the oldest Ashkenazi building
• Congregation Rodeph Sholom, New York, New York, now Congregation Chasam Sopher (1852)
• Congregation Beth Israel (Honesdale, Pennsylvania) (1856)
• Sherith Israel Temple (Cincinnati, Ohio) (1860)
• Shaarei Shamayim (Madison,Wisconsin) (1863)
• Congregation Talmud Torah Adereth El, Manhattan (1863); a near-total renovation, but some of the original building apparently remains
• Plum Street Temple, Cincinnati (1866)
• B'er Chayim Temple, Cumberland, Maryland (1865)
• B'nai Sholom Temple, Quincy, Illinois (1870)
• Congregation Berith Sholom, Troy, New York (1870)
• Central Synagogue, New York, New York (1872)
• Shaare Tefilah (Gates of Prayer), New Orleans, Louisiana (1865–67), disused
• Congregation Mickve Israel, Savannah, Georgia (1874–78)
• Congregation Beth Israel (West Hartford, Connecticut) (1876)
• Temple of Israel (Wilmington, North Carolina) (1876)
• B'nai Israel Synagogue (Baltimore, Maryland) 1876
• Union Temple, Brooklyn, New York (1876); building known as the Keap Street Temple
• Adas Israel Congregation, Washington, D.C. (1876)
• Temple Adath Israel (Owensboro, Kentucky) (1877)
• Congregation Beth Israel (Charlottesville, Virginia) (1882)
• Congregation Adas Emuno Hoboken, New Jersey (1883)
• Prince Street Synagogue Newark, New Jersey (1884)
• Temple Israel, Leadville, Colorado (1884)
• Ohavi Zedek, Burlington, Vermont (1885)
• Congregation Beth Emeth, Albany, New York (1887)
• Temple Aaron, Trinidad, Colorado, 1888
• Congregation Beth Israel (San Diego, California) (1889)
• Moses Montefiore Congregation, Bloomington, Illinois (1889)
• Ahavas Sholem Ligonier, Indiana (1889)
• Tifereth Israel, Alliance Colony, New Jersey (1889); disused^[4]
• Temple Beth Tefilloh, (Brunswick, Georgia) 1890
• Congregation B'nai Israel, Galveston, Texas (1890); disused
• B'nai Israel Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah (1890); disused
• Ahavath Beth Israel, Boise, Idaho (1896)^[5]
• Rosenhayn synagogue, Rosenhayn, New Jersey (1898)
• Temple B'nai Sholom, Huntsville, Alabama (1898)
• Temple Beth El, Alpena, Michigan, 1899^[4]

By state

B'nai Israel, Galveston, Texas (1870)

Temple Beth-El, Pensacola, Florida (1876)

Plum Street Temple, Cincinnati, Ohio (1866)

Alabama

• Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim, located in Mobile, the oldest congregation in Alabama, was formally organized on January 25, 1844. Their first synagogue was Emanuel Street Synagogue, dedicated on December 27, 1846. The current Springhill Avenue Temple is their fifth location.^[6]

Alaska

• Congregation Beth Sholom was first organized on September 5, 1958, in Anchorage.^[7]

Arkansas

• Congregation B'nai Israel was founded in Little Rock in 1866.^[8][9]

Arizona

• Emanu-El dedicated the first synagogue in the Arizona Territory on October 3, 1910, in Tucson. The congregation stopped holding services there in 1949. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places and currently houses the Jewish Heritage Center of the Southwest.^[10]

California

• Temple Israel (Stockton, California), founded 1851. Congregation has been in continuous existence, housed in four different locations over time.
• The two next oldest congregations in California are Emanu-El and Sherith Israel, in San Francisco. Both were founded in 1851. The two synagogues were founded simultaneously because the city's Jews could not agree on whether to follow the prayer customs of the Polish or German Jews. Emanu-El was therefore, founded as the congregation of the German Jews and Sherith Israel as the congregation of the Polish Jews.^[11]
• Congregation B'nai Israel (Sacramento, California) is the oldest congregation in Sacramento, California, tracing its history back to September 2, 1852,^[12] making it the first synagogue owned by a congregation west of the Mississippi River.
• Congregation Beth Israel (San Diego, California)'s 1889 building may be the oldest in California.

Colorado

• Temple Israel, Leadville, Colorado, 1884 building restored as a synagogue and Jewish pioneer museum in 2008. The original congregation dissolved before 1914. The Hebrew Cemetery was established in 1880.

Connecticut

• Congregation Mishkan Israel (Hamden Connecticut) was founded in 1840. Mishkan Israel and Congregation Beth Israel (West Hartford, Connecticut) were both incorporated in 1843, the year the Connecticut legislature first permitted public worship by Jews in the state.^[13]
• Beth Israel's 1876 building is the oldest in the state.

Delaware

• Adas Kodesch Shel Emeth in Wilmington, Delaware, is the oldest congregation in the state. It was formed from the merger in 1957 of the Orthodox Adas Kodesch Congregation, which was established in 1885, and the Chesed Shel Emeth Congregation. It is usually referred to simply as Adas Kodesch and is billed as "The First Synagogue in the First State".^[14]

District of Columbia

• Washington Hebrew Congregation, congregation founded in 1852.^[15]
• Adas Israel, the building, now known as the Lilian and Albert Small Jewish Museum, is located at the corner of Third and G streets NW. It was built in 1876, after the congregation split from Washington Hebrew Congregation over the issue of organ music during services. Originally located at 6th and G streets, the dedication was attended by President Ulysses S. Grant on June 9, 1876.^[15]

Florida

• Ahavath Chesed in Jacksonville, and Temple Beth-El in Pensacola each has claims to being the oldest Jewish congregation in Florida. The Jacksonville congregation was meeting for prayer by 1867, but appears to have incorporated later than Pensacola which dedicated its first building in 1876, well before Jacksonville's 1882 building.^[16]
• The United Hebrews of Ocala building was built in 1888. It may be the oldest Florida synagogue building still standing.

Georgia

• Congregation Mickve Israel of Savannah, Georgia, was organized in 1733.
• Temple Beth Tefilloh of Brunswick, Georgia, was established in 1886, and designed by renowned Jewish architect Alfred S. Eichberg, Beth Tefilloh remains rich in its history, beauty and spirit and has been continuously active since it's founding.

Hawaii

• Temple Emanu-El dates back to 1938 when 35 Jewish families on Oahu formed the Honolulu Jewish Community. In 1939, in cooperation with the Jewish Welfare Board, a small chapel on Young Street was leased and converted into a Jewish Community Center (JCC), which also served as Honolulu's first permanent synagogue.^[17]

Idaho

• Ahavath Beth Israel, Boise, Idaho (1896).^[5] The synagogue was built for Beth Israel, founded in 1895. In the 1980s, the congregation was formed as a merger of Congregation Beth Israel and Ahavath Israel, founded in 1912.

Illinois

• KAM Isaiah Israel merged several older congregations in Chicago. The oldest congregation of these was Kehillat Anshe Maarav, which was founded in 1847.

Indiana

• Congregation Achduth Vesholom of Fort Wayne was formed in 1848.^[18]
• Temple Israel (Lafayette, Indiana) (1849)

Iowa

• Temple Emanuel of Davenport was formed as B'Nai Israel Congregation on October 21, 1861.^[19]
• B'nai Israel Congregation, Keokuk, Iowa. First permanent Jewish house of worship in Iowa, 1877.^[20]

Kentucky

• Congregation Adath Israel Brith Sholom founded 1842 is the oldest congregation in Kentucky.
• Temple Adath Israel's 1877 building in Owensboro, Kentucky, is the oldest in the state.

Kansas

• Temple B'Nai Jeshurun, founded in 1859, in Leavenworth, Kansas, is the oldest in the state.^[21]

Louisiana

Shaare Tefilah building, New Orleans, Louisiana

• Touro Synagogue in New Orleans, Louisiana, is the oldest congregation in the state. Touro Synagogue traces its origins back to Shanarai-Chasset (Congregation Gates of Mercy), which was founded in New Orleans in 1828.^[2][22]
• Shaare Tefilah (Gates of Prayer) in New Orleans, Louisiana, is the oldest surviving synagogue building in the state. Architect J. Thiele designed the brick structure to replace an earlier building, but construction was delayed by the Civil War. The cornerstone was laid in 1865 and the synagogue was dedicated in 1867. The building is located at 709 Jackson Avenue in the Lower Garden District. The former synagogue had been converted to use as a storage facility; however, it was recently purchased and will be converted to a 12-unit apartment building.^[23][24]

Maine

• Congregation Beth Israel of Bangor, formally organized in 1888, is the oldest congregation in Bangor.
• Congregation Shaarey Tphiloh is the oldest congregation in Portland, founded 1904.^[25]

Maryland

• Baltimore Hebrew Congregation, incorporated in 1830, is the oldest congregation in Maryland.
• Lloyd Street Synagogue, located in Baltimore, is the oldest synagogue building.
• B'er Chayim Temple was founded during the Civil War and its current building was constructed in 1861. It is the oldest continuous operating synagogue at the same location, in Cumberland.

Massachusetts

• Ohabei Shalom, founded in 1843, is the oldest congregation.
• Temple Israel (Boston), the 1885 building, now a church, is the oldest synagogue still standing in Massachusetts.
• Shaarai Torah, built in 1906, is the oldest synagogue building still standing in Worcester.

Michigan

• Temple Emanuel (Grand Rapids, Michigan), oldest extant synagogue building (1882), congregation founded in 1857 (fifth oldest in the U.S.)

Minnesota

• Mount Zion Temple, organized in 1856 in St. Paul.

Mississippi

• B'nai Israel was organized in Natchez in 1843, making it the oldest congregation in Mississippi.^[26][27]
• An historic marker on the corner of South Street and South Main Street in Jackson marks the site of the first synagogue built in the state, Beth Israel, built in 1867. The building was destroyed by fire on July 10, 1874.^[28][29]

Missouri

• United Hebrew Congregation, 1837, is the oldest congregation in Missouri and the oldest congregation west of the Mississippi River.

Montana

Temple Emanu-El, Helena, MT

• Congregation B’nai Israel Temple in Butte, Montana, was built in 1903,
• Temple Emanu-El (Helena, Montana), built 1891^[30][31]

Nebraska

• Temple Israel of Omaha, the oldest synagogue in Nebraska (1871).^[32]

New Hampshire

• Temple Adath Yeshurun of Manchester, founded in 1891, is the oldest synagogue in New Hampshire.
• Temple Israel, first permanent Jewish house of worship in New Hampshire, Portsmouth, 1910.^[33]

New Jersey

• Congregation Adas Emuno (New Jersey)'s 1883 building is the oldest surviving synagogue building in New Jersey.
• Congregation B'nai Jeshurun was founded in 1848. Originally located in Newark, it is currently located in Short Hills, NJ.^[34]

New Mexico

• Congregation Albert, founded in 1897, is the oldest continuing Jewish organization in New Mexico.^[35][36]
• Congregation Montefiore, Las Vegas, N.M., first Jewish congregation in N.M. 1884 ^[37]

New York

• Congregation Shearith Israel, 1654, Upper West Side, Manhattan, is the oldest congregation in New York and the United States.
• Temple Society of Concord, 1839, Syracuse, New York.
• Angel Orensanz Center, 1849, Lower East Side, Manhattan, is the oldest synagogue building still standing in New York State.
• Central Synagogue, 1872, Midtown, Manhattan.
• Orach Chaim, 1879, Upper East Side, Manhattan ^[38]
• Congregation Anshe Emeth, 1885, Hudson, New York
• Congregation Ahavas Israel, 1886, Greenpoint, Brooklyn, also known as Greenpoint Shul
• Eldridge Street Synagogue, 1887, Manhattan, was the first grand house of worship built by Eastern European Jews
• Congregation Kneses Tifereth Israel, 1887,Port Chester, New York, The congregation first held services in the homes of founding members until a building was purchased and designed by acclaimed architect Philip Johnson in 1953.^[39]

Nevada

• Temple Emanu-El, Reno, Nevada, founded in 1922.
• Temple Beth Sholom, Las Vegas, Nevada, founded in 1931.

North Carolina

• The Temple of Israel in Wilmington was organized in 1872. It is the oldest congregation in North Carolina and one of the earliest Reform synagogues (built 1876) in the South.

North Dakota

• B'nai Israel Synagogue and Montefiore Cemetery, founded ca. 1888.

Ohio

• The Rockdale Temple (1824), originally known as K.K. Bene Israel in Cincinnati, is not only the oldest congregation in Ohio, it is the oldest congregation west of the Allegheny Mountains and the second oldest Ashkenazi congregation in the United States.
• Sherith Israel Temple, also in Cincinnati (1860), is the oldest synagogue structure west of the Alleghenies.

Oklahoma

• Temple Emeth, in Ardmore was the oldest known Jewish congregation in Oklahoma.^[40] Founded prior to statehood, they acquired their first building in 1912.^[40] The congregation disbanded in 2004.^[40]
• Temple B'nai Israel was formed in May 1903 in Oklahoma City, making it the oldest active congregation in Oklahoma.^[41]

Oregon

• Congregation Beth Israel (Portland, Oregon), founded in 1858.

Pennsylvania

• Congregation Mikveh Israel, congregation founded in 1740s in Philadelphia.

Puerto Rico

• Sha'are Zedeck, built in 1952, is the oldest synagogue in Puerto Rico.

Rhode Island

• The Touro Synagogue in Newport, founded in 1658, is the oldest Jewish house of worship in North America that is still standing. (1759)

South Carolina

• Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue in Charleston was started in 1740.

South Dakota

• Mount Zion Congregation, Sioux Falls, possibly the oldest congregation, ca. 1903

Tennessee

• The 1882 building of Temple Adas Israel, Brownsville, is thought to be the oldest synagogue building in Tennessee.
• First permanent Jewish congregation in Tennessee, Children of Israel, 1858 in Memphis. Originally known as Congregation B'nai Israel-Children of Israel, Temple Israel (Memphis) was formed by 36 German Jewish families in 1853 and chartered by the state of Tennessee on March 2, 1854.^[42]
• Congregation Ohabai Sholom (The Temple) in Nashville, had its beginnings in the late 1840s when a group of Jewish residents met for religious services. The synagogue lists its beginning year as 1851, when a benevolent society purchased cemetery property. It began as Khal Kodesh Mogen David and received a charter on March 2, 1854.^[43]

Texas

• Temple Beth Israel (Houston, Texas), founded in 1854, is the oldest congregation in the state.
• The 1870 building of Congregation B'nai Israel (Galveston, Texas), is the oldest synagogue building.
• Temple Beth-El (San Antonio, Texas), founded in 1874, is the oldest synagogue in South Texas.
• B'nai Abraham Synagogue, Brenham, Brenham, Texas, Congregation founded in 1885.

Utah

• B'nai Israel Temple (Salt Lake City) was the first permanent Jewish house of worship in Utah in 1883.^[44]

Vermont

• Ohavi Zedek, (Burlington, Vermont), the first synagogue built in Burlington, started by 18 people in 1885; the name means "Lovers of Justice".

Virginia

• Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalome, Richmond, 1789 was the oldest congregation until its merger with Congregation Beth Ahabah in 1898.^[45]
• Congregation Beth Ahabah, Richmond, 1841 is the oldest Reform congregation in Virginia.
• Congregation Beth Israel (Charlottesville, Virginia) 1882 its building is the oldest in the state.

Gates of Heaven Synagogue, Madison, Wisconsin (1863)

Washington

• The state's first synagogue was Temple Emamu-El (Spokane, September 12, 1892, demolished). The congregation later merged with Keneseth Israel to form the present-day Temple Beth Shalom.^[46][47]
• In 1914, Sephardic Bikur Holim Congregation was established. It is open for three daily prayers, on every Sabbath and all Holidays. The congregation's original members hail from the country of Turkey.

West Virginia

• Temple Shalom (Wheeling, West Virginia), congregation founded in 1849.^[48]

Wisconsin

• The 1863^[49] Gates of Heaven Synagogue in Madison is the oldest synagogue building in the state and the eighth-oldest in the country. It was moved to James Madison Park in 1970 and is now owned by the city of Madison.^[50]
• Congregation Emanu-El B’ne Jeshurun of Milwaukee was founded in 1856 and is still running today.^[51]

Wyoming

• Mt. Sinai Congregation, in Cheyenne, Wyoming, the oldest synagogue in Wyoming, built in 1910.^[52]

See also

• Oldest synagogues in the World
• Oldest synagogues in Canada
• List of synagogues in the United States

References

1. Sarna, Jonathan. American Judaism. Yale University Press, 2004. p. 19.
2. "The History of Our Congregation". Touro Synagogue.
3. Sarna, Jonathan. American Judaism. Yale University Press, 2004. pp. 18ff, 56ff.
4. Gordon, Mark. Rediscovering Jewish Infrastructure: Update on United States Nineteenth Century Synagogues. American Jewish History, 84, 1. 1996. p. 20–27
5. Stolzman, Henry; Stolzman, Daniel Synagogue Architecture in America: Faith, Spirit & Identity. The Images Publishing Group Pty Ltd. 2004.
6. "Shaarai Shomayim (Gates of Heaven)". Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.
7. "About Us". Congregation Beth Sholom. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011.
8. Adler, Cyrus; Currick, M. C. "Arkansas". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906.
9. 'Arkansas Jewish History". Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.
10. "Stone Avenue Temple: Tucson AZ". Jewish Postcards. National Museum of American Jewish History.
11. Sarna, Jonathan. American Judaism. Yale University Press, 2004. p. 73
12. Panneton, Judie. "History - How Beautiful is Our Heritage: 160 years and Still Going Strong". Congregation B'nai Israel. Archived from the original on September 2, 2012.
13. Olitzky, Kerry M.; Raphael, Marc Lee. The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook, Greenwood Press. June 30, 1996. pp. 76–80.
14. "Ohabe Shalom - Lovers of Peace". Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.
15. "Illustrated History of 1876 Synagogue". Lilian and Albert Small Jewish Museum. Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington.
16. "Pensacola, Florida". Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.
17. "A History of Jews in Hawaii & the Kalakaua Torah". Temple Emanu-El.
18. "Oldest Synagogue in Indiana Celebrates 100th Anniversary; Special Sermons Scheduled". Jewish News Archives. February 27, 1948. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013.
19. Baker, Deirdre Cox. "Temple Emanuel celebrates 150 years". The Quad City Times. April 14, 2011.
20. "B'nai Israel Congregation - First Permanent Jewish House of Worship in Iowa". Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.
21. "Temple B'Nai Jeshurun". Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.
22. "Shangarai Chasset: Gates of Mercy Synagogue: First permanent Jewish House of Worship in the State of Louisiana". Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.
23. Wilson, Samuel and Bernard Lemann. New Orleans Architecture, Volume 1: The Lower Garden District. (New Orleans: Pelican Publishing, 1990): 129.
24. Ponchartrain, Blake. "New Orleans Know-It-All: Where is the Oldest Synagogue in New Orleans?" Gambit. February 8, 2010.
25. Bangor, Maine: Congregation Beth Israel 1897". Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.
26. "B'Nai Israel to Unveil Historical Marker". The Clarion-Ledger (Jackson, Mississippi). April 28, 2006. Archived from the original on May 8, 2012.
27. "Temple B'Nai Israel: Natchez, Mississippi". Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.
28. "Site of Mississippi's First Synagogue Dedicated". Goldring-Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. 2006. Archived from the original on May 8, 2012.
29. "Temple Beth Israel - Jackson, Mississippi". Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.
31. http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/completedprgms2/helenamontanaapril2001.html
32. http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/completedprgms2/omahanebraska.html
33. http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/completedprgms2/portsmouthnewhampshire.html
34. TBJ website http://tbj.org/about-us/temple-history/ accessdate=2011-05-17
37. http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/completedprgms2/lasvegasnm.html
38. https://www.orachchaim.org
39. http://books.google.com/books/about/Synagogue_Architecture_in_America.html?id=tfJNHoiMDSoC
40. http://www.americanjewisharchives.org/aja/FindingAids/TempleEmeth.html
41. Jewish Synagogues in Oklahoma City
42. History | Temple Israel
43. A Short History of Congregation Ohabai Sholom
44. http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/completedprgms2/saltlakecityutah.html
45. http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/completedprgms2/richmondva.html
46. WSJHS (2006), The Jewish Experience in Washington State: A Chronology 1845–2005, Washington State Jewish Historical Society (WSJHS), p. 14–15.
47. http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/completedprgms2/spokanewashington.html
48. http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/completedprgms2/charlestonwva.html
49. Jewish Federation Madison
50. Gates of Heaven
51. History | Congregation Emanu-El B’ne Jeshurun
52. http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/completedprgms2/cheyennewyoming.html