Vegas Valley leopard frog

Vegas Valley leopard frog
Conservation status
Extinct  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Ranidae
Genus:	Lithobates
Species:	L. fisheri
Binomial name
Lithobates fisheri (Stejneger, 1893)
Former range (in red)
Synonyms
Rana fisheri Rana pipiens fisheri Rana onca fisheri Rana (Rana) fisheri Rana (Pantherana) fisheri

The Vegas Valley leopard frog (Lithobates fisheri) is a species of frog previously declared extinct.^[1] Once it occurred in the Las Vegas Valley, as well as Tule Springs, Clark County, southern Nevada, United States of America, at elevations between 370 and 760 m (1,210 and 2,490 ft).^[2][3][4][5] It was believed to be the only frog endemic to the United States to have become extinct in modern times.^[6]

A. Vanderhorst collected 10 specimens of this species at Tule Springs on January 13, 1942. These frogs were believed to be the last recorded specimens of the Vegas Valley leopard frog, and are now in the University of Michigan Museum of Comparative Zoology collection.^[7][8] The Vegas Valley leopard frog was considered extinct^[5] after extensive searches have failed to locate the species.^[1]

In 2011, a genetic analysis using DNA from preserved museum specimens of the Vegas Valley leopard frog revealed it is 100% identical, genetically, to the northwestern Mogollon Rim populations^[9] of the Chiricahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis), which is extant but threatened.^[10] While it has been extirpated from the Las Vegas area, the frog is no longer considered extinct because it is the same species as the Chiricahua leopard frog.^[11] According to nomenclatural priority, the northwestern Mogollon Rim population of L. chiricahuensis, described in 1979, is referable to the 1893-described, extinct population of the species, L. fisheri.^[9] L. chiricahuensis may remain a valid taxon for the southern and eastern range of the Chiricahua leopard frog.^[9]

It appears then that there are two separate species within the fisheri/chiricahuensis complex - Lithobates fisheri, comprising the former Vegas Valley leopard frogs near Las Vegas and the Chiricahua leopard frogs from the Mogollon Rim, and Lithobates chiricahuensis, comprising the Chiricahua leopard frogs from the southern and eastern portions of the range in Arizona and New Mexico. The status of the Chiricahua leopard frogs in northern Mexico may be uncertain, and this may be yet another separate lineage. The fisheri/chiricahuensis complex has a close relationship with an unnamed leopard frog species called only "Lithobates species 2" known from San Luis Potosí, Mexico.

References

1. Randy Jennings, Geoffrey Hammerson (2004) Lithobates fisheri. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.
2. Linsdale, J. M. (1940). "Amphibians and reptiles of Nevada". Proceeding of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 73 (8): 197–257. doi:10.2307/25130182.
3. Stebbins, R. C. (1951) Amphibians of western North America. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
4. Stebbins, R. C. 1985. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA.. Mild. Nat. 77:323–355 ISBN 039538253X.
5. Jennings, R.D., Riddle, B.R. and Bradford, D. (1995) Rediscovery of Rana onca, the relict leopard frog, in southern Nevada with comments on the systematic relationships of some leopard frogs (Rana pipiens complex) and the status of populations along the Virgin River. Unpublished report.
6. "'Extinct' frog was under our noses all the time". New Scientist. June 17, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
7. Platz, J. E. (1984) Status report for Rana onca Cope. Unpublished report prepared for Office of Endangered Species, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
8. Center for Biological Diversity and Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance (2002) Petition to list the relict leopard frog (Rana onca) as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act. biologicaldiversity.org
9. Hekkala, Evon R.; Saumure, Raymond A.; Jaeger, Jef R.; Herrmann, Hans-Werner; Sredl, Michael J.; Bradford, David F.; Drabeck, Danielle; Blum, Michael J. (2011). "Resurrecting an extinct species: Archival DNA, taxonomy, and conservation of the Vegas Valley leopard frog". Conservation Genetics 12 (5): 1379. doi:10.1007/s10592-011-0229-6.
10. Bhanoo, S. N. A frog endangered but extinct no more. New York Times June 17, 2011. Accessed June 17, 2011.
11. "Breathing life into an extinct species". Machines Like Us. June 17, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.

Further reading

• Hillis, D.M., Frost, J.S.,& Wright, D.A. (1983). Phylogeny and biogeography of the Rana pipiens complex: A biochemical evaluation. Systematic Zoology' 32: 132–143.
• Hillis, D.M. (1988). Systematics of the Rana pipiens complex: Puzzle and paradigm. Annual Review of Systematics and Ecology 19: 39–63.
• Hillis, D.M. & Wilcox, T.P. (2005). Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34(2): 299–314. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007 PDF fulltext.
• Hillis, D. M. (2007). Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 42: 331–338.

External links

• Amphibian Species of the World – Lithobates fisheri (Stejneger, 1893)
• The Sixth Extinction Website – Vegas Valley Leopard Frog