Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–19)

Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika
Литовская Советская Социалистическая Республика
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Capital Vilnius
Languages Lithuanian · Russian
Belarusian · Polish · Yiddish
[1]
Government Socialist republic
Chairman V. Mickevičius-Kapsukas
Legislature Provisional Revolutionary Government
Historical era World War I
 • Provisional Revolutionary Government formed 8 December 1918
 •  Republic established 16 December 1918
 • Recognised by Soviet Russia 22 December 1918
 • Capture of Vilnius 5 January 1919
 •  Merged with SSR Byelorussia 27 February 1919

The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (LSSR) was a short-lived Soviet republic declared on December 16, 1918 by a provisional revolutionary government led by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas. It ceased to exist on February 27, 1919 when it was merged with the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia to form the Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ("Litbel"). While efforts were made to represent the LSSR as a product of a socialist revolution supported by local residents, it was largely a Moscow-orchestrated entity created to justify the Lithuanian–Soviet War. As a Soviet historian, adhering to official propaganda, put it: "The fact that the Government of Soviet Russia recognized a young Soviet Lithuanian Republic unmasked the lie of the USA and British imperialists that Soviet Russia allegedly sought rapacious aims with regard to the Baltic countries."[2] Lithuanians generally did not support Soviet causes and rallied for their own national state, declared independent on February 16, 1918, by the Council of Lithuania.

Background

Germany had lost World War I and signed the Compiègne Armistice on November 11, 1918. Its military forces then started retreating from the former Ober Ost territories. Two days later, the government of the Soviet Russia renounced the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which had assured Lithuania's independence.[3] Soviet forces then launched a westward offensive against Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine in an effort to spread the global proletarian revolution and replace national independence movements with Soviet republics.[4] Their forces followed retreating German troops and reached Lithuania by the end of December 1918.[5]

Formation

Soviet front line in January 1919 (red line). The goal of the Soviet offensive was to follow retreating German troops and create Soviet republics in the regions they had vacated.

In Lithuania, the communists were not active until late summer 1918. The Communist Party of Lithuania (CPL) was organized by the 34 delegates at its first Congress, held in Vilnius between October 1 and 3, 1918.[2] Pranas Eidukevičius was elected as the first chairman. The party decided to follow examples set by the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) and organize a socialist revolution in Lithuania. The plans were instigated and financed by Moscow and supervised by Adolph Joffe and Dmitry Manuilsky.[6] On December 2, Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas sent a delegate to bring 15 million rubles to finance the "revolution".[6] On December 8, the CPL formed the eight-member provisional revolutionary government led by Mickevičius-Kapsukas. Its other members were Zigmas Aleksa-Angarietis, Pranas Svotelis-Proletaras, Semyon Dimanstein, Kazimierz Cichowski, Aleksandras Jakševičius, Konstantinas Kernovičius and Yitzhak Weinstein (Aizikas Vainšteinas).[7] Modern historians doubt if the provisional government really met in Vilnius as claimed by the Soviet sources;[6][8] it is more likely that the government followed the advancing Red Army. Between December 16, 1918 and January 7, 1920, the government resided in Daugavpils.[6]

The government issued a manifesto, printed with a December 16 date, declaring the establishment of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic.[2] The manifesto was first published in the Russian newspaper Izvestia on December 19 and then announced on radio.[6] It was then published in Vilnius five days later.[9] A draft of the manifesto, prepared by Kapsukas, stressed the need of close ties with communist Russia and ended with the slogan "Long live the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic with incorporated Soviet Lithuania!"[2] The final version, edited by Stalin and the Russian Communist Party, eliminated references to the union with Russia and replaced the slogan with "Long live freed Soviet Lithuanian Republic!"[6] Kapsukas did not want to establish an independent Soviet republic as he had campaigned for many years against social patriotism, separatism and Lithuanian independence. Influenced by Rosa Luxemburg, he had rejected the idea of self-determination.[10]

The newly formed LSSR asked for assistance from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and it duly recognized the LSSR as an independent state on December 22.[11] The same day, the Red Army took over Zarasai and Švenčionys on the Lithuanian–Soviet border. The provisional government then seemed to dissolve and did not attempt to gain wider recognition.[2] The Lithuanian Army, in its infancy, was unable to offer resistance to the Soviet advance. On January 5, 1919, the Red Army captured Vilnius and, by the end of January 1919, the Soviets controlled about two-thirds of Lithuania's territory.[5]

Similar republics were established in Latvia (the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic) and Estonia (the Commune of the Working People of Estonia).

Government

Members of the Council of People's Commissars
Position As of January 6, 1919[12] As of January 22, 1919[12]
Commissar of Foreign Affairs Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas (also Chairman)
Commissar of Internal Affairs Zigmas Aleksa-Angarietis (also Deputy Chairman)
Commissar of Food Aleksandras Jakševičius M. Slivkin
Commissar of Labor Semyon Dimanstein
Commissar of Finance Kazimierz Cichowski
Commissar of Transport Pranas Svotelis-Proletaras Aleksandras Jakševičius
Commissar of Agriculture Yitzhak Weinstein-Branovski Vaclovas Bielskis
Commissar of Education Vaclovas Biržiška
Commissar of Communications - Pranas Svotelis-Proletaras
Commissar of Military Affairs - Rapolas Rasikas
Commissar of the People's Economy - Yitzhak Weinstein-Branovski
Commissar of Trade and Industry - Yitzhak Weinstein-Branovski

LSSR was new, weak and had to rely on Russian assistance.[11] In Russia, the Soviets were generally supported by the industrial working class, but this was too small in Lithuania.[13] On January 21, the RSFSR granted a loan of 100 million rubles to the provisional government.[14] The LSSR did not form its own army. In February 1919, Kapsukas sent a telegram to Moscow arguing that conscription of local Lithuanians to the Red Army would only encourage Lithuanians to volunteer for the Lithuanian Army.[1] Meanwhile, in the territory it had occupied, the Soviets created revolutionary committees and councils based on Russian models.[1]

The Soviets demanded large war contributions from captured cities and villages. For example, Panevėžys was required to pay 1 million rubles, Utena 200,000 rubles, while 10 rubles were demanded from villages.[13] They nationalized commercial institutions and large estates, assigning land for use in collective farming rather than redistribution to smaller farms.[13] Economic difficulties and cash shortage was illustrated by a decree published in January 1919 prohibiting financial institutions to pay more than 250 rubles per week to any resident.[15] In a country of staunch Catholics and determined nationalists, the Soviet promotion of internationalism and atheism alienated the local population and contributed, ultimately, to the Soviets' eventual withdrawal.[1][13]

Dissolution and aftermath

Between February 8 and 15, 1919, Lithuanian and German volunteers stopped the Soviet advance and prevented them from taking Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania.[5] At the end of February, the Germans started an offensive in Latvia and northern Lithuania.[16] Faced with military difficulties and unreceptive locals, the Soviets decided to combine the weak Lithuanian and Byelorussian SSRs into the Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ("Litbel"), led by Kapsukas.[17] The communist parties were also merged into the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Lithuania and Belorussia. However, that had little effect and Polish forces took Vilnius in April and Minsk in August 1919 during the Polish–Soviet War.[18] Litbel was also dissolved.

When the tide turned in the Polish–Soviet War, the Soviets captured Vilnius on July 14, 1920. They did not transfer the city to the Lithuanian administration, as agreed in the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, signed just two days before. Instead, the Soviets planned a coup to overthrow the Lithuanian government and re-establish a Soviet republic as they did with the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.[19] However, they lost the Battle of Warsaw and were pushed back by the Poles. Some historians credit this victory for saving Lithuania's independence from the Soviet coup.[18][20] During the interwar years, Lithuanian–Soviet relations were generally friendly, but, a few months after the outbreak of World War II, the Soviet Union decided to occupy the Baltic states, including Lithuania, in July 1940. Official Soviet propaganda described the occupation as the "restoration of Soviet power by revolutionary masses."[2]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (1999). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jurgėla, Constantine R. (1976). Lithuania: The Outpost of Freedom. Valkyrie Press. pp. 161–165. ISBN 0-912760-17-6.
  3. ↑ Langstrom, Tarja (2003). Transformation in Russia and International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 52. ISBN 90-04-13754-8.
  4. ↑ Davies, Norman (1998). Europe: A History. HarperPerennial. p. 934. ISBN 0-06-097468-0.
  5. 1 2 3 (Lithuanian) Ališauskas, Kazys (1953–1966). "Lietuvos kariuomenė (1918–1944)". Lietuvių enciklopedija XV. Boston, Massachusetts: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla. pp. 94–99. LCC 55020366.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Čepėnas, Pranas (1986). Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija (in Lithuanian) II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. pp. 318–323. ISBN 5-89957-012-1.
  7. ↑ White, J. D. (October 1971). "The Revolution in Lithuania 1918–19". Soviet Studies 2 (23): 192–193. ISSN 0038-5859.
  8. ↑ Lesčius, Vytautas (2004). Lietuvos kariuomenė nepriklausomybės kovose 1918–1920 (PDF). Lietuvos kariuomenės istorija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. p. 32. ISBN 9955-423-23-4.
  9. ↑ Antanas Drilinga, ed. (1995). Lietuvos Respublikos prezidentai (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Valstybės leidybos centras. p. 51. ISBN 9986-09-055-5.
  10. ↑ White, James D. (1994). "National Communism and World Revolution: The Political Consequences of German Military Withdrawal from the Baltic Area in 1918–19". Europe–Asia Studies 8 (46): 1363. ISSN 0966-8136.
  11. 1 2 Eidintas, Alfonsas (1991). Lietuvos Respublikos prezidentai (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Šviesa. p. 36. ISBN 5-430-01059-6.
  12. 1 2 Senn, Alfred Erich (1975). The Emergence of Modern Lithuania (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 239–240. ISBN 0-8371-7780-4.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Lane, Thomas (2001). Lithuania: Stepping Westward. Routledge. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0-415-26731-5.
  14. ↑ Lesčius, Vytautas (2004). Lietuvos kariuomenė nepriklausomybės kovose 1918–1920 (PDF). Lietuvos kariuomenės istorija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. p. 29. ISBN 9955-423-23-4.
  15. ↑ Kvizikevičius, Linas; Saulius Sarcevičius (2007). "Pinigų cirkuliacijos Lietuvoje bruožai 1915−1919 m.". Istorija. Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų mokslo darbai (in Lithuanian) (68): 35. ISSN 1392-0456.
  16. ↑ Rauch, Georg von (1970). The Baltic States: The Years of Independence. University of California Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-520-02600-4.
  17. ↑ Mawdsley, Evan (2007). The Russian Civil War. Pegasus Books. p. 118. ISBN 1-933648-15-5.
  18. 1 2 Snyder, Timothy (2004). The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999. Yale University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 0-300-10586-X.
  19. ↑ Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (1999). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
  20. ↑ Senn, Alfred Erich (September 1962). "The Formation of the Lithuanian Foreign Office, 1918–1921". Slavic Review 3 (21): 500–507. doi:10.2307/3000451. ISSN 0037-6779.

Coordinates: 56°N 24°E / 56°N 24°E / 56; 24

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