Local currency

See Emissions Reduction Currency System for community based initiatives aimed at emission reduction

In economics, a local currency, is a currency that can be spent a particular area at participating organisations. Usually it will act as a complementary currency, that is to be used in addition to a national currency, rather than replace it.[1] The purpose is to encourage spending within the local community, especially with locally owned businesses. This may also help reduce environmental footprints.[2]:1

The currency may not be backed by a national government or be legal tender.[2] As a tool of fiscal localism, local currency can raise awareness of the state of about the local economy. They are useful for people who are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with traditional bartering.

They encompass a wide range of forms, both physically and financially, and often are associated with a particular economic discourse.

Terminology

Local currencies are sometimes referred to as a community currency. They are often forms of alternative currency, complementary currency and/or auxiliary currency. There is debate as to the exact definitions. Some definitions:

Characteristics

Theory

Local currency is based on a local form of monetarism and mercantilism: it establishes an internal trade barrier, as the local currency cannot be used externally, and allows the area to have a different (presumably lower) interest rate than the national currency's — in the Wörgl experiment, a negative interest rate, known as demurrage. Advocacy and criticism of local currencies is based partly on general attitudes towards monetarism and mercantilism, and partly on opinions of the desirability of having internal variations in currency and trade.

Advocates of local currency in effect argue that, in certain circumstances, an entire country is not an optimum currency area, and that various regions should have different currencies. Compare with the Eurozone in Europe.

Benefits

The Wörgl experiment dramatically illustrates some of the common characteristics and major benefits of local currencies.[5]

  1. Local currencies with negative interest rate tend to circulate much more rapidly than national currencies. The same amount of currency in circulation is employed more times and results in far greater overall economic activity. It produces greater benefit per unit. The higher velocity of money is a result of the negative interest rate which encourages people to spend the money more quickly.
  2. Local currencies enable the community to more fully utilize its existing productive resources, especially unemployed labor, which has a catalytic effect on the rest of the local economy. They are based on the premise that the community is not fully utilizing its productive capacities, because of a lack of local purchasing power. The alternative currency is utilized to increase demand, resulting in a greater exploitation of productive resources. So long as the local economy is functioning at less than full capacity, the introduction of local currency need not be inflationary, even when it results in a significant increase in total money supply and total economic activity.
  3. Since local currencies are only accepted within the community, their usage encourages the purchase of locally produced and locally-available goods and services. Thus, for any level of economic activity, more of the benefit accrues to the local community and less drains out to other parts of the country or the world. For instance, construction work undertaken with local currencies employs local labor and utilizes as far as possible local materials. The enhanced local effect becomes an incentive for the local population to accept and utilize the scrips.
  4. Some forms of complementary currency can promote fuller utilization of resources over a much wider geographic area and help bridge the barriers imposed by distance. The Fureai kippu system in Japan issues credits in exchange for assistance to senior citizens. Family members living far from their parents can earn credits by offering assistance to the elderly in their local community. The credits can then be transferred to their parents and redeemed by them for local assistance. Airline frequent flyer miles are a form of complementary currency that promotes customer-loyalty in exchange for free travel. The airlines offer most of the coupons for seats on less heavily sold flights where some seats normally go empty, thus providing a benefit to customers at relatively low cost to the airline.
  5. While most of these currencies are restricted to a small geographic area or a country, through the Internet electronic forms of complementary currency can be used to stimulate transactions on a global basis. In China, Tencent's QQ coins are a virtual form of currency that has gained wide circulation. QQ coins can be bought for Renminbi and used to buy virtual products and services such as ringtones and on-line video game time. They can also be obtained through on-line exchange for goods and services at about twice the Renminbi price, by which additional 'money' is being directly created. Though virtual currencies are not 'local' in the tradition sense, they do cater to the specific needs of a particular community, a virtual community. Once in circulation, they add to the total effective purchasing power of the on-line population as in the case of local currencies. The Chinese government has begun to tax the coins as they are exchanged from virtual currency to actual hard currency.[6]

Difficulties and criticisms

Local currencies and the Transition Towns movement in the UK have been criticized for failing to address the needs of the wider population, especially lower socio-economic groups.[7] Such local currency initiatives have been more widely criticized as having limited success in stimulating spending in local economies, and as an unrealistic strategy to reduce carbon emissions.[8][9]

Modern local currencies

Today there are over 2,500 different local currency systems operating in countries throughout the world. Modern local currencies can be classified into the following distinct types:

1. Transition currency based on the local currencies used by the Transition Towns movement in the UK. They include Brixton Pound and Bristol Pound in the UK, BerkShares in the USA, and Salt Spring Dollars in Canada.

Salt Spring Dollars are a community currency issued by the Salt Spring Island Monetary Foundation. The currency is used by both tourists and local residents of Salt Spring Island.[10]

Transition currencies are payment voucher-based systems that are exchangeable with the national currency. Between 2002-2014 many experiments in local currency took this form. Such currencies aim to raise the resilience of local economies by encouraging re-localisation of buying and food production. The drive for this change has arisen from a range of community-based initiatives and social movements. The Transition Towns movement originating in the UK has utilised local currencies for re-localisation in the face of energy descent from peak oil and climate change. Other drives include movements against Clone town[11][12] and Big-box trends.

2. Rewards currency based on the frequent flyer model. Consumer spends cash with participating businesses who issue rewards points in a local currency. These rewards points can be used to offset cash prices in future purchases. An example is Oakland Grown in Oakland, CA.[13]

3. Mutual Credit currency based on the mutual credit system. This can be further sub-divided into two:

a. Time-based currency also known as Time Banks that use time as a measure of value. An example is Dane County Time Bank.

b. Trade exchanges and LETS (local exchange trading system) that use price as a measure of value. An example of local currency implemented as a trade exchange is Bay Bucks in the Bay Area of California, USA.[14] LETS were originally started in Vancouver, Canada, there are presently more than 30 LETS systems operating in Canada and over 400 in the United Kingdom. Australia, France, New Zealand, and Switzerland have similar systems.

Legality

The currency may not be backed by a national government (and not necessarily legal tender).[2]

United Kingdom

Local currencies, like Scotland and Northern Ireland banknotes, are not legal tender, under the rules of the Bank Notes Act 1954.[2]

List of local currencies

Africa

Kenya:

Senegal:

  • SenXaliss Transfert d'argent

South Africa:

Asia

Japan:

Hong Kong:

  • COME

Indonesia:

  • Yogyakarta System

Malaysia:

Australasia

Australia:

  • The Maleny "Bunya"
  • Baroon Dollar
  • The Maia Maia Project
  • The Fremantle "Share"
  • South East Metro (Perth) Doodad
  • Swan Hills LETsystem
  • Armadale-Thornlie LETSystem

North America

Canada: See List of Canadian community currencies
México:

  • Túmin (indigenous barter currency in the state of Veracruz)

United States: See List of community currencies in the United States

South America

Argentina:

Brazil:

  • Banco Palmas
  • Curitiba Bonus
  • Sabre
  • Yscambau (Ymaginários da Confederação Ystilingue - Belo Horizonte, MG)

Venezuela:

  • Lionza (indigenous currency in the Urachiche Municipality of the Yaracuy state)

International

Unclassified

  • Flash Cash
  • Interser
  • Ndajem-Wecco
  • RGT - Red Global del Trueque
  • RERS - Réseaux d'Echange Réciproque de Savoirs
  • ROCS - Robust Complementary Community Currency System
  • Rumihuaico
  • Salta Creditos
  • Systèmes d’Echanges Communitares
  • Thay Gerh
  • Tianguis Tlaloc
  • Toctiuco

Europe

Austria:

Belgium:

  • Lietaer
  • RES

Denmark:

France:

Germany:

Greece:

Italy:

  • Banca del Tempo
  • EcoAspromonte
  • Ecoroma
  • REL Rete di Economia Locale
  • SCEC: scecservice.org
  • Simec
  • Sistema di Reciprocità Indiretta
  • tibex.net

Latvia:

Netherlands:

Portugal:

Russia:

  • Billex (credit system based on gold bills, Tomsk)

Slovakia:

Spain:

Switzerland:

Ukraine:

United Kingdom:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "People Powered Money: designing, developing and delivering community currencies" (PDF). Community Currencies in Action. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Naqvi, Mona (2013). "Banknotes, local currencies and central bank objectives" (PDF). bankofengland.co.uk.
  3. ↑ Robert Costanza et al., "Complementary Currencies as a Method to Improve Local Sustainable Economic Welfare", University of Vermont, Draft, Dec. 12th, 2003.
  4. ↑ Lietaer, Bernard; Hallsmith, Gwendolyn (2006). "Community Currency Guide" (PDF). Global Community Initiatives. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  5. ↑ Lietaer, Bernard, The Future of Money, Century, 2002.
  6. ↑ China Taxes Online Game Players KerryOnWorld, December 7, 2008
  7. 1 2 Jamie Doward and Naomi Loomes (2008-08-17). "Lewes, the proud town that is printing its own money". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
  8. ↑ The Undercover Economist on Local Currency
  9. ↑ A critique of the Lewes Pound and of local currencies more generally
  10. ↑ "Salt Spring Dollars". Salt Spring Island Monetary Foundation. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
  11. ↑ "Measures Aim To Tackle Problem Of Empty Shops". Publicnet.co.uk. 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
  12. ↑ Clone Town Britain survey: results reveals national identity crisis The new economics foundation, 6 June 2005
  13. ↑ "Oakland Grown". Retrieved 2014-01-15.
  14. ↑ "Bay Bucks". Retrieved 2014-01-15.
  15. ↑ VENTSPILS VENTS
  16. 1 2 "Lokálna mena živec" (in Slovak). Retrieved 2015-08-23.
  17. ↑ "Širocký sokol (Šc): prvá obecná mena na Slovensku" (in Slovak). Retrieved 2015-08-23.
  18. 1 2 "No money? Then make your own". BBC News. 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
  19. ↑ http://www.localcurrency.org.uk/

Further reading

External links

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