Lotus Seven

See also: Caterham 7
Lotus Seven
Overview
Manufacturer Lotus Cars
Also called Lotus 7
Lotus Super Seven [1]
Production 1957–1973
Assembly Hethel, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom, Martínez, Argentina
Designer Colin Chapman
Body and chassis
Class Sports car
Body style roadster
Layout FMR layout
Powertrain
Transmission manual
Chronology
Predecessor Lotus Mark VI
Successor Caterham 7

The Lotus Seven is a small, simple, lightweight two-seater open-top sports car produced by Lotus Cars (initially called Lotus Engineering)[2] between 1957 and 1972.

It was designed by Lotus founder Colin Chapman and has been considered the embodiment of the Lotus philosophy of performance through low weight and simplicity. The original model was highly successful with more than 2,500 cars sold,[3] due to its attraction as a road legal car that could be used for clubman racing.[4]

After Lotus ended production of the Seven, Caterham bought the rights and today Caterham make both kits and fully assembled cars based on the original design.

The Lotus Seven design has spawned a host of imitations on the kit car market, generally called Sevens or sevenesque roadsters.

History

First generation
Overview
Production 1957–1960
Body and chassis
Related Lotus Eleven
Powertrain
Engine 1,172 cc (1.2 L) I4
Second generation
Overview
Production 1961–1967
Powertrain
Engine 1,340 cc (1.3 L) I4
Third generation
Overview
Production 1968–1969
Powertrain
Engine 1,600 cc (1.6 L) I4
Fourth generation
Overview
Production 1970–August 1973
Powertrain
Engine 1,600 cc (1.6 L) I4
1,700 cc (103.7 cu in) I4

The Lotus Seven was launched in 1957, after the Lotus Eleven was in limited production. The Seven name was left over from a model that was abandoned by Lotus, which would have been a Riley-engined single-seater that Lotus intended to enter into the Formula Two in 1952 or 1953. However, the car was completed around Chapman's chassis as a sports car by its backers and christened the Clairmonte Special.

Based on Chapman's first series-produced Lotus Mark VI, the Seven was powered by a 40 bhp (30 kW; 41 PS) Ford Side-valve 1,172 cc inline-four engine. It was mainly for lower budget club racing on short tracks (750 motor club).

The Lotus Seven S2 followed in 1960 and was supplemented by the Lotus Super Seven S2 from 1961.[5] The Super Seven initially used the larger Cosworth modified 1340cc Ford Classic engine and later examples were fitted with 1498cc or 1599cc engines.[5] The Seven S3 was released in 1968.[5] In 1970, Lotus radically changed the shape of the car to create the slightly more conventional sized Series 4 (S4), with a squarer fibreglass shell replacing most of the aluminium bodywork. It also offered some "luxuries" as standard, such as an internal heater matrix.

Between 1970 and 1975, following a representation agreement, Lotus Argentina SA obtained the licence to manufacture the Lotus Seven in Argentina. This production reached approximately 51 units. These vehicles were not replicas, but built under licence and original brand Lotus.[6][7]

Under the Purchase Tax system of the time cars supplied as a kit (known as "completely knocked down" or CKD) did not attract the tax surcharge that would apply if sold in assembled form. Tax rules specified assembly instructions could not be included, but as the rules said nothing about the inclusion of disassembly instructions, they were included instead and all the enthusiast had to do was to follow them in reverse. However, once the UK joined the EEC on 1 January 1973, the VAT system was adopted instead so the tax advantage of the kit-built Lotus Seven came to an end.

In 1973, Lotus decided to shed fully its "British tax system"-inspired kit car image and concentrate on limited series motor racing cars. As part of this plan, it sold the rights to the Seven to its only remaining agents Caterham Cars in England and Steel Brothers Limited in New Zealand.

Caterham ran out of the Lotus Series 4 kits in the early 70s. When this occurred and in accordance with their agreement with Lotus, Caterham introduced its own brand version of the Series 3. They have been manufacturing the car ever since as the Caterham Seven. Steel Brothers Limited in Christchurch, New Zealand assembled Lotus Seven Series 4s until March 1979 when the last of the 95 kits provided by Lotus was used up.[8][9] The last Lotus badged Seven, a Series 4, was therefore produced in New Zealand.[10]

Steel Brothers attempted to make a wider, modernised version of the Series 4, the "Lotus Super 907", using the twin cam Lotus 907 engine. In the spring of 1978 it was announced that this was to be sold in the United States[11] - but the American importer had no funds and the project came to naught.[12] The single finished Super 907 was moved from the New Zealand to the US in 2010 to undergo a full restoration.[13]

Replicas

1970 Lotus Super 7

Because of the Seven's relatively simple design, over 160 companies have offered replicas or Seven-type cars over the years.[14] Such cars are often referred to as "sevenesque"[15] or simply a "seven" or "se7en". Sometimes they are also called clubmans. Some examples are:

Birkin Lotus 7 (North America)

Also see Category:Lotus Seven replicas

Analysis of the Seven's performance

Road test

A car with a tuned Ford 1172 cc engine and close ratio gearbox was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1958. It was found to have a top speed of 80.4 mph (129.4 km/h), could accelerate from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 16.2 seconds and had a fuel consumption of 31.0 miles per imperial gallon (9.1 L/100 km; 25.8 mpg-US). The test car cost £1,157 including taxes of £386. They commented that car could be bought in component form and then it would have cost £399 for the parts from Lotus, £100 for the Ford engine and gearbox and £27 for the BMC rear axle.[18]

Top speed

A Seven's top speed greatly depends upon the body configuration, engine power and gearing. Early models with low-powered engines had difficulty exceeding 90 mph (140 km/h), although a race-prepared Seven was clocked at 127 mph (204 km/h) by Brausch Niemann through a speed-trap at the 1962 Natal Grand Prix.[19] In addition, clamshell style wings tend to create drag and generate lift at higher speeds. Cycle guards help alleviate this tendency, and low height Brookland aeroscreens that replace the windscreen help improve top end speed. Sevens do suffer from front end lift at high speed, the nose creates more lift than downforce at speeds over around 70 mph (110 km/h), although retro fitted 'winglets' may counter this lift.

Low speed acceleration

Nearly all Sevens, due to their extremely light weight (around 10cwt / 500 kg) have excellent acceleration, especially up to 70 mph (110 km/h), depending on power. For their time, the original late 1950s Sevens could beat most contemporary saloon cars—and by the early 1960s, with improved Ford-Cosworth engines could take on most high performance sports cars with 0–60 mph time in the low 7 seconds.

Braking

The choice of brakes varies considerably between models and over the evolution of the car. The less powerful early models had drum brakes all round, while more powerful and later models had drums at the rear only (especially on live axle cars from the early 1960s) or discs all round. With the popularity of semi-independent (DeDion) or fully independent Rear suspension most manufacturers have opted for discs all round, as is current common practice in the automotive industry.

Physics favours small cars in braking and Sevens have excellent stopping distances, but one of the effects of light weight and powerful (non ABS) brakes is the tendency to lock up, especially at the front under strong braking. The cooling surface-to-weight ratio improves with reduced scale, while the light weight makes vacuum assistance unnecessary.

Handling

The highest part of the car is about three feet (900 mm) from the road and it has a cloth top and side curtains with plastic back and side windows. The supports for the top and the windshield frame are aluminium. The lower chassis tubes are five inches (127 mm) from the road, while the wet sump, bell housing and one chassis tube are lower, meaning the centre of gravity is very low.

The front/rear weight distribution is nearly equal and the lack of a boot and small petrol tank assure that it remains fairly constant. It is, however, more front-heavy than more modern high performance cars.

Suspension

In the original Seven, the front lower A-arm (or "wishbone") of the double wishbone suspension is traditional, but for the purpose of reducing weight, the upper suspension integrated an anti-roll (anti-sway) bar into a horizontal suspension arm. This approach formed a pseudo-wishbone which was semi-independent in nature. This approach worked well with early crossply tyres, but with later radials, the configuration seriously affected its adjustability.

For the rear suspension, Lotus originally used a live axle (or solid axle). This approach was very cost effective since most production saloon cars up to the 1980s used these components. A mixture of Ford and Austin (Rover) components were used. One disadvantage of live axles is higher unsprung weight, affecting handling and ride on rough surfaces.

Aerodynamics

In general, cars with non-optimised aerodynamics tend to be free of adverse aerodynamic effects on handling, but the front wheel arches, of all but the Series I, cause lift at high speeds. Like the good straight line performance, the car's nimble handling is limited in speed range. It can be argued that this is not usually important in a car intended for public roads.

While the car's frontal area is small, the Lotus Seven has the highest drag coefficient of any known production car—ranging from 0.65 to 0.75, depending on bodywork. The introduction of the Series IV Seven improved the car's Cd.

Additionally, the clamshell front wings develop lift. This is accentuated by the slight natural lift caused by rotating wheels. Consequently, Sevens have exhibited understeer at high speeds.

Steering

The rack and pinion steering provides a minimum of play and friction. The light weight assures light steering without power assistance, even with very large tyres. The ratio is quick.

Rigidity of the frame

Like racing cars of the time and the equally respected and more expensive Mercedes-Benz 300SL coupe, it had a multi-tube space frame with high sides to allow a stiffer frame (longer lever arm). However, the Series II and other road versions had simpler frames than the more race oriented Series I.

It is a stressed skin[20] construction, in which the flat aluminium body panels, and especially the floor, triangulate the largely rectangular steel tubular frame structure. This gives a rigid frame with few tubes and very little body weight that does not contribute to the frame stiffness. The flat panels avoid difficulties in shaping aluminum sheet into smooth compound curves. On the down side, it does not allow attractive curves or streamlining.

Mechanical details

Engines

After the English Ford flathead (L head or side valve) with 49 hp (37 kW), a BMC series A was used, then push rod overhead valve (OHV) Fords of 1,340 cc and 1,500 cc with the intake and exhaust on the same side of the head. These were often Cosworth modified; the Cosworth 1,340 cc "Super Seven" delivered 85 bhp (63 kW; 86 PS) and the 1,500 cc "Super Seven 1500" 105 bhp (78 kW; 106 PS) . These were later replaced by the Ford Kent engine, better known as the Ford crossflow, in 1,600 cc and 1,700 cc models designated SuperSprints; in their 1,700 cc guise, a crossflow delivers up to 135 bhp (101 kW; 137 PS) . The acceleration finally caught up to the handling when the Cosworth/Ford Twin Cam 1,600, as in the Lotus Elan, was used. There was also a model, sold in the US with a Coventry Climax engine and independent rear suspension.

Frame and body

The Lotus Seven was designed with racing in mind, and lightness was of primary concern to Chapman. A front mounted engine driving the rear wheels (a similar layout to most cars of the day) and a very lightweight steel spaceframe was covered with unstressed aluminium panel bodywork. The body panels were mainly flat to avoid the expense of more elaborate curved bodywork, and the simple cloth lined plastic doors were hinged from the windscreen. The nose-cone and wheel arches were originally aluminium parts, but these were replaced in the later S2 and S3 models with painted or self-coloured fibreglass.

Weight

Early Lotus Sevens weighed around 1,100 lb (10cwt/500 kg). Although the weight crept upward as production progressed, it remained remarkably low for a production car of over a litre displacement.

Suspension

The front was by "A" arms and coil springs with an anti-roll bar serving as the front half of the top A arm. The rear had trailing arms, a triangular centre locating member and solid rear axle.

The geometry and high (relative to total) unsprung weight gave it some bump steer, which owners sometimes treated by moving the supports forward and lengthening the trailing arms.

A model that was sold in the US had independent rear suspension and a Coventry Climax engine.

Broken off splines from the Standard Companion estate car (station wagon) half axles of a Lotus Seven series II

Problem areas

The series II had problems with its Standard Companion estate car (station wagon) rear axle and differential. This was later solved on the Series III with a Ford Cortina rear end.

The tubular spaceframe chassis suffered from rust, especially from the inside which would lead to its sudden and unexpected collapse.

Lotus Seven in the media

Lotus Seven literature

The Lotus Seven has spawned many books, test reports and articles, many of which are still in print.

Lotus Seven 1957-1980

Edited by R.M. Clarke, Brooklands Books, 1980, ISBN 0-907073-13-1, Test reports and articles from magazines around the world.

Lotus Seven Collection No. 1, 1957-1982

Edited by R.M. Clarke, Brooklands Books, 1982, ISBN 0-907073-50-6, Test reports and articles from magazines around the world.

Lotus & Caterham Sevens Gold Portfolio, 1957-1989

Edited by R.M. Clarke, Brooklands Books, 1989, ISBN 1-85520-000-7, Test reports and articles from magazines around the world.

Lotus Seven Gold Portfolio 1957-1973

R.M. Clarke, Brooklands Books, 1996 ISBN 978-1-85520-329-7, Test reports and articles from magazines around the world.

Lotus Caterham Seven Gold Portfolio, 1974-95

edited by R.M. Clarke, Brooklands Books, 1996, ISBN 1-85520-330-8, ISBN 978-1-85520-330-3, Test reports and articles from magazines around the world

The Legend of the Lotus Seven

Dennis Ortenberger, Osprey, 1981, ISBN 0-85045-411-5 (Reissued in 1999 by Mercian manuals.)

Lotus Seven Super Profile

by Graham Arnold, Foulis Motoring Book, Haynes Publishing Group, 1984, ISBN 0-85429-385-X

The Lotus and Caterham Sevens, A Collector’s Guide

Jeremy Coulter, Motor Racing Publications Ltd., 1986, ISBN 0-947981-06-3

Lotus Seven: Collector's Guide

by Jeremy Coulter, Motorbooks International, 1994, ISBN 0-947981-71-3, ISBN 978-0-947981-71-6

Lotus Seven: Restoration, Preparation, Maintenance

by Tony Weale, Osprey Automotive, 1991, ISBN 1-85532-153-X

Side Glances, Volumes 1, 2, 3 and 4

by Peter Egan, Brooklands Books and Road & Track, ISBN 1-85520-567-X

Peter Egan's books are collections of his Road & Track column Side Glances many of which feature his Lotus Sevens.

Lotus and Caterham Seven: Racers for the Road

by John Tipler, Crowood Press, 2005, ISBN 1-86126-754-1, ISBN 978-1-86126-754-2

The Magnificent 7: The enthusiasts' guide to all models of Lotus and Caterham Seven

by Chris Rees, Haynes Publishing, Second edition 2007, ISBN 1-84425-410-0 ISBN 978-1844254101

Why build a Seven? Putting a Sportscar on the Road, a personal record.

by Michael Eddenden, 2010, Published by lulu.com, ISBN 978-0-557-54398-4

The building of a Caterham Seven from a Club perspective, it includes much on the owners of Lotus Sevens.

Your Kit Car Assembly Manual

by Gary Brizendine, 2004, published by GNB Motorsports LLC, ISBN 0-9760560-0-3

How to assemble and improve any Lotus Seven or Locost sports car kit.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ LA Manwaring, The Observer's Book of Automobiles, Tenth Edition, 1964, page 152
  2. ↑ "Group Lotus History". Archived from the original on 29 August 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2006.
  3. ↑ "Lotus 7 Register". Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  4. ↑ "Classic Clubmans History". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  5. 1 2 3 Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945-1970, page 117
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ "The story of the Lotus Sevens manufactured in Argentina", Richard Vignoles (Spanish)
  8. ↑ Steelbro innovations keep it in front of competition, The Press, Christchurch, 14 September 2007, Fairfax Media
  9. ↑ New Zealand Classic Car magazine, Volume 22 Issue 2, page 67, ISSN 1170-9332
  10. ↑ "The last Lotus 7", pg 8, Club Lotus, No. 57
  11. ↑ Webster, Mark (2002), Assembly: New Zealand Car Production 1921-98, Birkenhead, Auckland, New Zealand: Reed, p. 146, ISBN 0-7900-0846-7
  12. ↑ Rosner, Jon (June–July 2003). "Super 907". Chapman Report Online. Golden Gate Lotus Club. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
  13. ↑ http://gglotus.org/blog/?p=1570
  14. ↑ Seven Models Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ↑ "Sevenesque builds". Madabout Kitcars. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  16. ↑ "Home". Birkindirect.com. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  17. ↑ "Lotus Seven From Greece". Tsv.gr. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  18. ↑ "The Lotus Seven". The Motor. 12 February 1958.
  19. ↑ "Natal Grand Prix". Retrieved 21 October 2006.
  20. ↑ https://www.cnet.navy.mil/nascweb/sas/stress.htm

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lotus Seven.
Lotus production car timeline, 1950–present
Type 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456
Sports racer Mark VIII Mark IX Eleven 15 17 19 23 30 40 47 62
Mark VI Seven 340R 2-Eleven
Roadster Elan Elan M100 Elise Elise
Coupé Elite Elan Exige Exige Exige
Eclat Excel Evora
Grand tourer Elan +2 Elite
Europa Esprit Europa S
Saloon Ford Cortina Lotus Ford Cortina Lotus Carlton/Omega
Race cars
Related cars
Concept cars
Key figures
Group Lotus
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