Louis V of France

Louis V

Coronation of Louis V the 14th-century Grandes chroniques de France
Reign 2 March 986 – 21 May 987
Coronation 8 June 979
Saint-Corneille Abbey, Compiègne
Predecessor Lothair
Successor Hugh Capet
Born 966/67
Died 21 May 987 (aged 20-21)
Spouse Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou
House Carolingian
Father Lothair of France
Mother Emma of Italy

Louis V, nicknamed "The Lazy"[1] (French: le Fainéant; c. 966/67 – 21 May 987), was the King of Western Francia from 986 until his premature death. He died childless and was the last monarch in the Carolingian line.

Life

Early years

The eldest son of King Lothair and his wife Emma, a daughter of Lothair II of Italy, Louis was born c. 966–67.[2] His father already associated him to the government in 978 and made him officially crowned co-King on 8 June 979 at the Abbey of Saint-Corneille in Compiègne by Archbishop Adalberon of Reims; however he didn't assumed power until Lothair's death in 986.[3] Louis V was the last Carolingian King of Western Francia and reigned in Laon from 2 March 986 until his own death, at the age of 20, in 987.

In 982 at Vieille-Brioude, Haute-Loire, the fifteen-years-old Louis married with the forty-years-old Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, a sister of Count Geoffrey I and twice a widow from her previous marriage with Count Stephen of Gévaudan[4] and Count Raymond of Toulouse, Prince of Gothia. This union was purely political and arranged by the King –following the advices of Queen Emma and Count Geoffrey I–, with the double purpose to restore the Carolingian presence in the south of the Kingdom of the Franks, and (according to Richerus) to obtain the support of the local lords in his fight against the Robertians: being now related by marriage with two of the most powerful southern comital families of the Kingdom, Lothair believes that he could confront the power of Hugh Capet.

Immediately after their wedding, Louis and Adelaide-Blanche were crowned King and Queen of Aquitaine by Adelaide's brother Bishop Guy of le Puy.[5] However, since the beginning the mismatched couple was unable to peacefully live together,[6] not only due to the notorious age difference between them but (according to Richerus) also because of Louis' debauched lifestyle:

[...] They had almost no conjugal love; because Louis barely leave the puberty, and Adelaide was old, among them were only incompatibility and disagreements. The didn't shared a common chamber and in this way they can't suffer with the presence of the other; when they had to travel, each took a separate residence, and when they were forced to talk, their conversations were in the open air and never were long but only a few words. They lived in this way for two years, until they obtained the divorce not only for their opposite characters but also because Louis, who at that point was unmanageable due his youth, indulged himself in all sorts of frivolity.[7]

In 984, after two years of childless union[6] (and according to Rodulfus Glaber), Adelaide tricked her young husband to make a visit to Aquitaine, and once there, she leave him and returned with her family, marrying shortly after with Count William I of Provence:

When the young prince reached adolescence, Lothair made him king and appointed him his successor; he also chooses for him a princess of Aquitaine as his wife, but soon she perceived that the young man didn't inherit the talents of his father. Therefore she decided to separate from her husband; and for this purpose she adroitly convinced him to made a trip to her province of Aquitaine, assuming that his hereditary rights there guaranteed him the possession of the land. Louis, without suspecting the artifice, yielded to the advice of his wife, and went with her. When they were in Aquitaine, she left her husband to join his family.[8]

However, despite being recorded by relative contemporary and later sources (Richerus, Rodulfus Glaber, the Chronicon Andegavensi and the Chronicle of Saint-Maxence, among others), the existence of this marriage was recently challenged by historian Carlrichard Brülh.[9]

Reign and death

On his father's death on 2 March 986, the already crowned Louis V became the undisputed King of the Franks. However, at that time in the Frankish court existed two parties: one leaded by Archbishop Adalberon of Reims and Queen Emma, who, being strongly influenced by her mother Empress Adelaide, wanted the renewal of friendly relationships with the Ottonian dynasty; the other party, by the other hand, wanted to continue Lothair's policy, and taking advantage of the minority of Emperor Otto III, wanted a policy of expansion to the east and the recovery of Lotharingia. In addition, the young monarch inherited a battle between his father's line of elected kings (which had been interrupted twice by the Robertian kings and once by the Bosonid family), and the house of the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I. As defender of Rome, Otto I had the power to name the clergy in Carolingian territory, and the clergy he had named were not supporting the Carolingians.

Initially Queen Emma dominated the situation, but in the summer of 986, there was a reversal: The Anti-Ottonian party prevailed, and she was forced to leave court and seek refuge with Hugh Capet. This event also put Adalberon in a predicament: being elevated by Otto I to the powerful archbishopric of Reims, he was forced to leave his episcopal seat and took refuge in one of his fortresses on the Meuse river, who belonged to the Ottonian sphere. The escape of he Archbishop was perceived by Louis V as treason; he turned violently against Adalberon and threatened him to besiege Reims, with the matter being finally settled in a trial court at Compiègne. However, before this meeting Louis V changed his mind and sought a reconciliation with Adalberon; in the spring of 987 he also planned a peace meeting with Empress Theophanu, who could act on behalf of her son Otto III. Before all these tangled events were resolved, Louis V died on 21 May 987[10] from a fall while hunting in the Forest of Halatte near the town of Senlis, Oise.[11][12] He was buried in the Abbey of Saint-Corneille in Compiègne.

He left no legitimate heirs, so his uncle Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, was nominated as the hereditary successor to the throne. But the clergy, including both Adalberon and Gerbert (who later became Pope Sylvester II), argued eloquently for Hugh Capet, who was not only of royal blood but had proven himself through his actions and his military might. Capet was elected to the Frankish throne and Adalberon crowned him, all within two months of Louis V's death. Thus the Carolingian dynasty ended and the Capetian began.

Ancestry

Notes

  1. ↑ He was sometimes dubbed "The Lazy" but that nickname wasn't contemporary, and had a pejorative connotation incorrectly justified by medieval biographers by the fact that due to his short reign was a monarch qui nihil fecit — "who did nothing".
  2. ↑ Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 1
  3. ↑ Jim Bradbury,The Capetians: Kings of France, 987-1328 (London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 45
  4. ↑ According to Settipani, Stephen wasn't properly Comte de Gévaudan, although his descendants by Adelaide-Blance later possessed the counties of Gévaudan, Brioude and Forez. Christian Settipani: La Préhistoire des Capétiens, 1993, p. 336 footnote 996.
  5. ↑ Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe, Trans. Michael Idomir Allen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), p. 265
  6. 1 2 Bernard S. Bachrach: Fulk Nerra the Neo-Roman Consul, 987-1040, University of California Press, 1993, p. 15.
  7. ↑ Richerus: Historiarum libri quatuor, Académie impériale de Reims, Reims 1855, Book III, p. 339.
  8. ↑ Rodulfus Glaber: Collection des mémoires de France par M. Guizot, Paris 1824, Book I, chapter III, parts 180 and 181.
  9. ↑ Carlrichard Brülh: Naissance de deux peuples, Français et Allemands (10th‑11th siècle), Fayard, August 1996, p. 248.
  10. ↑ Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band III Teilband 1 (Marburg, Germany: Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 116
  11. ↑ Jim Bradbury,The Capetians: Kings of France, 987-1328 (London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 46
  12. ↑ Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe, Trans. Michael Idomir Allen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), p. 277

References

Preceded by
Lothair		 King of Western Francia
986–987 		Succeeded by
Hugh Capet
Preceded by
Ranulf II		 King of Aquitaine
982–987 		Succeeded by
Hugh Capet
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