Low-noise amplifier
A Low-noise amplifier (LNA) is an electronic amplifier that amplifies a very low-power signal without significantly degrading its signal-to-noise ratio. An amplifier increases the power of both the signal and the noise present at its input. Low-noise amplifiers are designed to minimize the additional noise. Designers minimize the additional noise by considering tradeoffs that include impedance matching, choosing the amplifier technology and selecting low-noise biasing conditions.
Low-noise amplifiers are found in radio communications systems, medical instruments, and electronic equipment. A typical low-noise amplifier may supply a power gain of 100 (20 dB) while decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio by less than a factor of two (a 3 dB noise figure). Although low-noise amplifiers are primarily concerned with weak signals that are just above the noise floor, they must also consider the presence of larger signals that cause intermodulation distortion. Consequently, low-noise amplifiers often do not have high gains.
Communications
Antennas are one of the common sources of weak electronic signals.[1] An outdoor antenna is often connected to its radio receiver by a transmission line called the feed line. Any losses in the feed line adversely affect the received signal-to-noise ratio: a feed line loss of 3 dB degrades the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by 3 dB.
An example is a feed line made from 10 feet (3.0 m) of RG-174 coaxial cable and uses with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. The loss in that feed line is 3.2 dB at 1 GHz; approx. 5 dB at the GPS frequency (1.57542 GHz). This feed line loss can be avoided by placing a low-noise amplifier (LNA) at the antenna, which supplies enough gain to offset the feed line loss.
A good LNA has a low NF (e.g. 1 dB), enough gain to boost the signal (e.g. 10 dB) and should have a large enough inter-modulation and compression point (IP3 and P1dB) to do the work required of it. Further criteria to consider are the LNA's operating bandwidth, gain flatness, stability, input, and output voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).
For low noise, a high amplification is required for the amplifier in the first stage. Therefore, Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs) and High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) are often used. They are driven in a high-current regime, which is not energy-efficient, but it reduces the relative amount of shot noise. It also requires input and output matching circuits for narrow-band circuits to enhance the gain (see Gain-bandwidth product).
Noise reduction
An LNA is a key component at the front-end of a radio receiver circuit to help reduce unwanted noise in particular. Friis' formulas for noise models the noise in a multi-stage signal collection circuit. In most receivers, the overall noise figure (NF) is dominated by the first few stages of the receiver's front-end.
By using an LNA close to the signal source, the effect of noise from subsequent stages of the receive chain in the circuit is reduced by the signal gain created by the LNA, while the noise created by the LNA itself is injected directly into the received signal. This is important for effective noise reduction in the receive part of the circuit. The LNA boosts the desired signal power while adding as little noise and distortion as possible. The work done by the LNA enables optimum retrieval of the desired signal in the later stages of the system.
LNA design
Low noise amplifiers are the building blocks of communication systems and instruments. The four important parameters in LNA design are: gain, noise figure, non-linearity and impedance matching. The steps required in designing an LNA are:
Gain device
Amplifiers need a device to provide gain. In the 1940s, that device would be a vacuum tube, but it now it is usually a transistor or an integrated circuit. The transistor may be one of many varieties of bipolar transistors or field-effect transistors. Other gain devices, such as tunnel diodes, may be used.
Broadly speaking, there are two categories of transistor models used in the design of low-noise amplifiers:
- Small-signal models use quasi-linear models to model noise.
- Large-signal models that consider nonlinear mixing.
Circuit topology
Circuit topology is an important issue. Circuit topology encompasses issues such as gain and input impedance.
Gain is often a compromise. On one hand, having lots of gain is good because it takes weak signals above the noise floor. On the other hand, lots of gain means higher level signals and more problems with nonlinear mixing.
The circuit topology also affects input and output impedances. In general, the source impedance is matched to the input impedance because that will maximize the power transfer from the source to the device. If the source impedance is low, then a common base or common drain circuit topology may be appropriate. For a medium source impedance, then a common emitter or common source topology may be used. With a high source resistance, then a common collector or common drain topology may be appropriate.
An input impedance match may not produce the lowest noise figure. There's another notion of a noise impedance match.
Another design issue is the noise introduced by biasing networks.
Applications
LNAs are used in applications such as ISM radios, cellular telephones, GPS receivers, cordless phones, wireless LANs (WiFi), automotive remote keyless system, and satellite communications.
Satellite
In a satellite communications system, the ground station receiving antenna will connect to an LNA because the received signal is weak. The received signal is usually a little above background noise since satellites have limited power and use low power transmitters. The satellites are also distant and suffer path loss: low earth orbit satellites might be 200 km away; a geosynchronous satellite is 35,786 km away. A larger ground antenna would give a stronger signal, but a larger antenna can be more expensive than adding an LNA. The LNA boosts the antenna signal to compensate for the feed line losses between the (outdoor) antenna and the (indoor) receiver. In many satellite reception systems, the LNA includes a frequency block down-converter that shifts the satellite downlink frequency (e.g., 11 GHz) that would have large feed line losses to a lower frequency (e.g., 1 GHz) with lower feed line losses. The LNA with down converter is called a low-noise block down-converter (LNB). Satellite communications are usually done in the frequency range of 100 MHz (e.g. TIROS weather satellites) to tens of GHz (e.g., satellite television).
Requirements
Operating supply voltage
Usually LNAs require operating voltages in the range of 2V to 10V.
Operating supply current
LNAs require supply current in the mA range, the supply current required for an LNA is dependent on its design and the application for which it has to be used.
Operating frequency
The Frequency Range of LNA operation is very wide. They can operate between 500 kHz and 50 GHz.
Operating temperature range
An LNA, like other semiconductor devices, is specified for operation in a specific temperature range. The temperature range where an LNA operates best is usually -30°C to 50 °C (-22°F to 122 °F).
Important factors
Noise figure
The noise figure is one of the important factors which determines the efficiency of a particular LNA. The decision on which LNA is suitable for a particular application is typically decided based on its noise figure. In general, a low noise figure results in better reception of the signal.
High gain
With a low noise figure, an LNA must have high gain in order to process signal into post-circuit. Depending on requirements, high-gain LNAs are designed for specific applications by manufacturers. If an LNA does not have high-gain, then the signal will be affected by noise in the LNA circuit itself; the signal may become quite attenuated, so the LNA's high gain is an important parameter. Like noise figures, the gain of an LNA also varies with the operating frequency.
See also
References
- ↑ A 900MHz Low Noise Amplifier with Temperature Compensated Biasing. ProQuest. 2008-01-01. ISBN 9780549667391.
Further reading
- Motchenbacher, C. D.; Connelly, J. A. (1993), Low-Noise Electronic System Design, John Wiley, ISBN 978-0471577423