Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse

Louis I Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine Reign 1806 - 6 April 1830 Predecessor New title Successor Louis II Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt Reign 1790 - 1806 Predecessor Louis IX Successor Title abolished Born 14 June 1753 Prenzlau, Brandenburg Died 16 April 1830 (aged 76) Darmstadt, Hesse Spouse Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt Issue Grand Duke Louis II of Hesse House House of Hesse-Darmstadt Father Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt Mother Caroline of Zweibrücken

Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (14 June 1753, Prenzlau – 6 April 1830, Darmstadt) was Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (as Louis X) and later the first Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.

Biography

Kronenthaler of Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, 1825.

Louis was the son of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, and succeeded his father in 1790. He presided over a significant increase in territory for Hesse-Darmstadt during the imperial reorganizations of 1801-1803, most notably the Duchy of Westphalia, hitherto subject to the Archbishop of Cologne. Allied to Napoleon, Louis in 1806 was elevated to the title of a Grand Duke of Hesse and joined the Confederation of the Rhine, leading to the dissolution of the Empire. At the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15, Louis had to give up his Westphalian territories, but was compensated with the district of Rheinhessen, with his capital Mainz on the left bank of the Rhine. Because of this addition, he amended his title to Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.

In 1844, a 33-meter column called Langer Ludwig (meaning Long Louis), was set up In his commemoration in the middle of the Luisenplatz, the largest square of Darmstadt.

Marriage and family

In 1776, he became engaged to Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg, eldest daughter of Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg. The engagement was broken off so that Sophia Dorothea could marry Louis's recently widowed brother-in-law Tsarevich Paul Petrovich, son and heir of Catherine II "the Great", Empress of Russia. He received a monetary compensation when the engagement was broken.

On 19 February 1777, Louis married his first cousin, Landgravine Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt ( 15 February 1761 – 24 October 1829), a daughter of Landgrave George William of Hesse-Darmstadt. Together, they had eight children:

• Louis, later Grand Duke Louis II of Hesse (26 December 1777 – 16 June 1848). Married Wilhelmine of Baden and had issue.
• Louise (16 January 1779 – 18 April 1811). Married Louis of Anhalt-Köthen and had issue.
• George (31 August 1780 – 17 April 1856). Married, morganatically, Caroline Török de Szendrö and had issue.
• Frederick (14 May 1788 – 16 March 1867)
• Stillborn twin daughters (11 May 1789).
• Emil (3 September 1790 – 30 April 1856)
• Gustav (18 December 1791 – 30 January 1806)

Ancestry

16. Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

8. Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

17. Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

4. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

18. Albrecht V, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach

9. Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach

19. Sophie Margaret of Oettingen-Oettingen

2. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

20. Johann Reinhard II, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg

10. Johann Reinhard III, Count of Hanau

21. Anna Magdalene of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler

5. Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg

22. Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach

11. Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach

23. Johanne Elisabeth of Baden-Durlach

1. Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse

24. Christian I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld

12. Christian II of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld

25. Magdalene Katharine of Zweibrücken

6. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

26. Johann Jakob, Count of Rappoltstein

13. Katharina Agathe of Rappoltstein

27. Anna Klaudie of Salm

3. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken

28. Gustav Adolf, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken

14. Ludwig Kraft, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken

29. Eleonore Klare of Hohenlohe

7. Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken

30. Heinrich Friedrich, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

15. Philippine Henriette of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

31. Juliana Dorothea of Castell-Remlingen