Luis de Rosas
| Luis de Rosas | |
|---|---|
| 9th Spanish Governor of New Mexico | |
|
In office 1637 – Spring 1641 | |
| Preceded by | Francisco Martínez de Baeza |
| Succeeded by | Juan Flores de Sierra y Valdés |
| Personal details | |
| Died | January 25, 1642 |
| Profession | Soldier and administrator (governor of New Mexico) |
Luis de Rosas (died January 25, 1642) was a soldier who served as the ninth Governor of New Mexico from 1637 until 1641, when he was then imprisoned and assassinated. During his administration, De Rosas had confrontations with the Franciscans (mainly because of De Rosas' dealing with the Native Americans, whom he forced to work as slaves), who promoted a revolt of the citizens of New Mexico against him. De Rosas was imprisoned after an investigation of his position as governor. He was killed while in prison by several soldiers there.
Early years
De Rosas joined the Spanish Army in his youth, where he excelled and ascended through the ranks. He spent fifteen years serving the Spanish Army in Flanders. [1]
Government in New Mexico
Politics in New Mexico
It is believed that De Rosas moved from Mexico City to Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the caravan of the Supply Mission in 1636.[2] He arrived in New Mexico with the Viceroy Díez de Armendáriz,[1] to take office as governor in 1637.[2] However, when Armendáriz appointed him governor of New Mexico, De Rosas protested because the government of New Mexico was highly criticized and his reputation was suffering. In addition, mutinies against the governors were frequent in New Mexico. However, De Rosas's administration in the New Mexican government was decided in advance and De Rosas had to accept it. [1]
A De Rosas faction fortified Santo Domingo to defend Santa Fe.[1] De Rosas participated in an expedition to Ipotlapiguas village in 1638. It was planned by a priest named Salas[3] and was composed of a group of five Franciscans and forty soldiers led by De Rosas. [4] The expedition traveled to northern Sonora, southwest of the Zuni lands[3] and aimed to convert the Indigenous population to Christianity.[4]
De Rosas employed Native American labor to manufacture products for him to sell. He had captives who worked in his weaving shop in Santa Fe, while he used Puebloans to weave clothes for him. He also forced Native Americans to work on plantations and traded with the Apache.[5]
De Rosas led slave raids against several Native American peoples (particularly Apaches and Utes).[6] In the Plains, in an expedition to Quivira, he attacked the Apaches and later, in the north of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico, attacked the Utes. In both cases, he killed some and captured others to sell or use in his workshop in Santa Fe (they were captured for both motives). In addition, De Rosas sacked some ranches of Gira in Zuni lands.[5] He also promoted a trade with Native tribes in the Plains, but this trade was considered illegal.[6] He allowed the Native Americans of Pecos to practice their religion as long as they paid double the price of the encomienda's tribute, which was required, contributing to his personal enrichment.[7]
Confrontations with the Franciscans
After De Rosas took office in New Mexico, many Spanish residents in the province rebelled against him, due to the confrontation between De Rosas and the Franciscans (the main religious group in the Spanish colonies of Americas, aiming to evangelize the natives). They issued complaints and accusations against each other, causing political instability in the colony. Revolts and riots spread across New Mexico.
De Rosas accused the friars of refusing to grant the sacraments and confessions to parishioners, and even had some of them excommunicated. The Franciscans accused De Rosas of having persecuted and accepted the capture of Apaches, some of whom were sold as slaves in New Spain,[2] while others were forced to work in De Rosas' own workshop in Santa Fe.[2][6] According to the Franciscans, De Rosas introduced both Christians and non-Christian Native Americans to a situation of almost slavery, being forced to work for many hours. They wove cloth in a shop of Santa Fe and he allowed the Native Americans cooperatives to exercise some of the rites of their religions if they gave him some goods that he could sell.[8] In addition, De Rosas was angered to learn that Native Americans did not wear enough leather products to exchange for his knives in the lands of the Pecos Pueblo. He blamed the Franciscans for this fact, and jailed one.[4] The Franciscans also complained about the fact that De Rosas had been bribed by his predecessor, Francisco Martínez de Baeza.[2] However, De Rosas indicated that the Franciscans' objections to him began when he shut down a sweatshop, where Native American children worked, in a mission. Since this time, the Franciscans tried to promote a revolt against him in the province (at this time New Mexico was a province). [1]
In addition, when he imprisoned a criminal, two Franciscans forced the release the criminal. The Franciscans usually retained De Rosas' sacraments (and the sacraments of any settler which did not "defame") and threatened his life.[1]
Interestingly, in the spring of 1638, when Father Perea investigated the measures around De Rosas regarding the expedition, decided to leave the Inquisition.[2]
In January 1640, De Rosas expelled all the men who worked in the church from Santa Fe, and when two priests decided to return the city in April, Rosas hit them with a stick, causing them significant injuries.[8]
Revolt and imprisonment of De Rosas
With the goal of promoting a revolt against De Rosas and to expel him from the government of New Mexico, the Franciscans circulated a letter, supposedly wrote by De Rosas, through the province. In it, De Rosas alleged to be a follower of the Lutheran and Calvinist doctrines, saying that he exercised an "idolatry with a goal" and that the Santa Fe residents rejected Jesus Christ (whose image they whipped). A revolt broke out against De Rosas. Many citizens of the province participated (among them, 73 of the 120 soldiers that New Mexico had).[1]
De Rosas finished his term in spring 1641. The viceroy of New Spain, Diego López Pacheco, ordered an investigation of the De Rosas administration in order to obtain justice. The new governor, General Juan Flores Sierra y Valdes, led the research.[9] De Rosas was excommunicated[8] and imprisoned (causing the Pueblo Native Americans, who gave much importance to the religion, to begin to underestimate the power the Spanish government and Church. They deemed some priests liars, refusing to obey the excommunicated governors and rejecting the disunity between churchmen and governors[8]). A few month later, on January 25, 1642,[9] when De Rosas was in his jail cell,[2] he was killed[2][9][2] when the soldier Nicolás Ortiz, a native of Zacatecas (modern Mexico) stabbed him. The soldier alleged, in the trial held against him, that De Rosas was adulterous with his wife, Maria de Bustillas. [10][9] However, several month later, eight other soldiers were found guilty of killing De Rosas by Pacheco and were beheaded. [9]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kessell, John L. (1987). Kiva, Cross & Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540-1840. The University of New Mexico Press. Page 164.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 New Mexico History. org: Biography of Don Luis de Rosas. Published by Grace Meredith. Retrieved May 01, 2013, to 20:10 pm.
- 1 2 Sanchez, Joseph P. (2008). Between Two Rivers: The Atrisco Land Grant in Albuquerque History, 1692-1968. The University of Oklahoma Press. Page 18.
- 1 2 3 Weber, David J. (Third edition, 1982). The Taos Trappers: The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest, 1540-1846. The University of Oklahoma Press. Page 19.
- 1 2 John, Elizabeth Ann Harper (Second edition, 1996). Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795. University of Oklahoma Press. Pages 84 - 85.
- 1 2 3 Sturtevant, William C. (1988). Handbook of North American Indians: History of Indian-White relations. Page 411.
- ↑ Erwert, Jonathan P. (March 9, 2010). “Cultural Preservation and Societal Migration Among the 17th Century Pueblos of New Mexico”. United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD.
- 1 2 3 4 Roberts, Calvin Alexander; Roberts, Susan A. (2006). New Mexico. Chapter Three, page 48. University of New Mexico Press.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Gutiérrez, Ramón A. (1991). When Jesus Came, the corn mothers went away. Stanford University Press. Pages 116-117.
- ↑ Craddock, Jerry R. (July 4, 2008). The Trial of Nicolás Ortiz, accused of the murder of don Luis of Rosas. University of California.