Luxo Jr.

This article is about the 1986 film. For the title character, see Luxo Jr. (character).
Luxo Jr.

Poster for Luxo Jr.

Poster for Luxo Jr.
Directed by John Lasseter
Produced by John Lasseter
William Reeves
Written by John Lasseter
Production
company
Distributed by The Walt Disney Company
Release dates
  • August 17, 1986 (1986-08-17) (SIGGRAPH)
  • November 24, 1999 (1999-11-24) (with Toy Story 2)
Running time
 2 minutes
Country United States

Luxo Jr. is a 1986 American computer-animated short film produced by Pixar and directed by John Lasseter. The two-minute short film revolves around one larger and one smaller desk lamp. The larger lamp, named Luxo Sr., looks on while the smaller, "younger" Luxo Jr. plays exuberantly with a ball that it accidentally deflates. Luxo Jr. was Pixar's first animation after Ed Catmull and John Lasseter left Industrial Light and Magic's computer division. It is the source of the hopping desk lamp included in Pixar's corporate logo.

Lasseter's aim was to finish the short film for the 1986 SIGGRAPH, an annual computer graphics conference attended by thousands of industry professionals. The film would come from his experiments with modeling his Luxo lamp. Lasseter worked to improve the story within the allotted two minutes. In animation, the film demonstrates the use of shadow maps within the rendering software. Lasseter applied classic animation principles defined by Disney's Nine Old Men to convey the lamps' emotions. Catmull and Lasseter worked around the clock, and Lasseter even took a sleeping bag into work and slept under his desk, ready to work early the next morning.[1] In total it took about four and a half months to do.[2]

The commitment paid off, and it was finished in time to be shown at SIGGRAPH. Before Luxo Jr. finished playing at SIGGRAPH, the crowd had already risen in applause.[3] Luxo Jr. is regarded as a breakthrough in the animation medium as a whole, changing traditionalists' interpretation of computer animation. The short was the first work of animation to use procedural animation, the software written by Eben Ostby.[4][5] It received an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Short Film, becoming the first CGI film nominated for an Academy Award.

In 2014, Luxo Jr. was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.[6]

Plot

Two balanced-arm desk lamps, named Luxo Jr. (small) and Luxo Sr. (large), are playing with a small inflatable rubber ball. When Luxo Jr. tries balancing on it, the ball eventually deflates due to excessive jumping. As a result, he is later seen playing with a beach ball.

Background

The Graphics Group, which was one third of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm, had been associating with Industrial Light & Magic on special effects in the early 1980s. In 1984, the group produced animated short titled The Adventures of André and Wally B., which premiered at the annual SIGGRAPH conference to great fanfare. The group, which numbered 40 individuals,[7] was spun out as a corporation in February 1986 with investment by Steve Jobs shortly after he left Apple Computer.[7] Jobs paid $5 million to George Lucas for technology rights and put them and $5 million cash as capital into the company.[7] A factor contributing to Lucas' sale was an increase in cash flow difficulties following his 1983 divorce, which coincided with the sudden dropoff in revenues from Star Wars licenses following the release of Return of the Jedi. The newly independent company was headed by Dr. Edwin Catmull as President and Dr. Alvy Ray Smith as Executive Vice President. They were joined on the Board of Directors by Steve Jobs who was Chairman.[7]

Pixar's small animation department—consisting of Lasseter, plus the part-time supporting efforts of several graphics scientists—was never meant to generate any revenue as far as Jobs was concerned.[8] Catmull and Smith justified its existence on the basis that more films at SIGGRAPH like André and Wally B. would promote the company's computers. The group had no film at SIGGRAPH the preceding year, its last year under Lucas's wing, apart from a stained-glass knight sequence they produced for Young Sherlock Holmes. Catmull was determined that Pixar would have a film to show at its first SIGGRAPH as an independent company in August 1986.[8] Luxo Jr. was produced by Pixar employee John Lasseter as a demonstration of the Pixar Image Computer's capabilities.

Two other short animations by two of the company's graphics experts were in production during the time in which Luxo Jr. was conceived. Bill Reeves, who was interested in algorithms to re-create the turbulence of ocean waves, made Flags and Waves, with waves reflecting a sunset and lapping against the shore.[9] Eben Ostby, a Brown architecture major turned graphics programmer, made Beach Chair, starring a chair that walked across the sand and nervously approached the water, dipped its front legs in just far enough to test the temperature, then scurried along. Reeves and Ostby also assisted Lasseter with model making and rendering on Luxo Jr.[9]

Production

Lasseter's student film at CalArts, The Lady and the Lamp (1979), applied Walt Disney's observation that giving lifelike qualities to inanimate objects held comic potential. Luxo Jr. displayed a further insight, however: that inanimate objects as characters held the potential for dramatic value as well.[10] The film would come from Lasseter's experiments with modeling his Luxo lamp.[11] He had felt inspiration strike when fellow employee Tom Porter brought his infant son Spencer to work one day and Lasseter, playing with the child, became fascinated with his proportions. A baby's head was huge compared with the rest of its body, Lasseter realized. It struck Lasseter as humorous and he began to wonder what a young lamp would look like.[11] He fiddled with the dimensions of all the parts of his Luxo model—all but the bulb, since lightbulbs come from a store and don't grow, he reasoned—and he emerged with a second character, Luxo Jr.[11] The 1982 video for Peter Gabriel's Shock the Monkey, directed by Brian Grant, also utilizes animated lamps of similar style.

Lasseter initially intended the film as a plotless character study. When he showed some early tests at animation festival in Brussels, respected Belgian animator Raoul Servais exhorted him, "No matter how short it is, it should have a beginning, a middle, and an end. Don't forget the story." Lasseter protested that the film would be too short for a story. "You can tell a story in ten seconds," Servais responded.[11] Lasseter was convinced. He devised a simple plot line in which the two lamps would play a game of catch with an inflated ball; Luxo Jr. would then approach the ball, hop onto it, bounce until he ball popped under him, and show dejection as the parent lamp looked on. Finally, Luxo Jr. would reappear feeling excited with a new, larger ball. Among the films shown at SIGGRAPH in 1985, Lasseter particularly admired a piece of character animation called Tony de Peltrie, from a group at the University of Montreal; it featured a strikingly expressive human character, an aging piano player who entertained while inwardly reflecting on better days, which inspired Luxo Jr.[8]

Apart from the film's hoped-for promotional value, Catmull and Smith rationalized the project as a test of "self-shadowing" in the rendering software- that is, the ability of objects to shed light and shadows on themselves.[11] On the technical level, the film demonstrates the use of shadow maps to simulate the shifting light and shadow given by the animated lamps.[12] The lights and the color surfaces of all the objects are calculated, each using a RenderMan surface shader, not surface textures.[12] The articulation of "limbs" is carefully coordinated, and power cords trail believably behind the moving lamps.[12]

Because time and money were tight, Lasseter reduced the setting to its simplest elements. The background would be plain black and there would be no camera movement. His energies would rather be focused instead on working out techniques based on classic animation principles to convey emotion.[11] Even though the characters were faceless and wordless, Lasseter shaped such subtleties as the speed of the child's hops and the way it carried its head to convey in an instant when the child was feeling joy and when it was feeling sadness. At every moment, the parent and child seemed to have a definite frame of mind.[9] On the cinematic level, it demonstrates a simple and entertaining story, including effectively expressive individual characters.[13] Catmull and Lasseter worked around the clock, and Lasseter even took a sleeping bag into work and slept under his desk, ready to work early the next morning.[1]

The music that plays during the short comes from a "needle drop" source, in particular, the album "Counterpoint In Rhythm" by British composer Brian Bennett on Bruton Production Music Library album BRD 17. The final edit is a mix between at three different tunes: "Chateau Latour", "Quicksilver" and "Finesse".[14][15]

Release

Luxo Jr., alongside Flags and Waves and Beach Chair, premiered at SIGGRAPH in the Dallas Convention Center Arena, where the audience of six thousand immediately recognized Luxo Jr. as a breakthrough.[10] Before Luxo Jr. finished playing at SIGGRAPH, the crowd had already risen in applause.[3] "Pixar's marketing department did not go out of its way to point out that none of the film, not a single frame, had been rendered on a Pixar Image Computer," wrote David Price in his book The Pixar Touch.[10] The audience was captivated by the far more realistic look than André and Wally B.. More significant than its photorealism, however, was its emotional realism. "It was perhaps the first computer-animated film that enabled viewers to forget they were watching computer animation," wrote Price.[10]

Afterward, Lasseter saw Jim Blinn, longtime professional colleague, approaching him, obviously readying a question. Lasseter braced for a question about the shadowing algorithm or some other recondite technical issue that he knew equally little about.[10] Blinn instead asked whether the big lamp was the mother or the father. Although the memories of those involved are now hazy, Lasseter elsewhere referred to the parent lamp as the father.[10] Lasseter then realized that he had succeeded in applying the Disney touch of thought and emotion to his characters.[10]

"Luxo Jr. sent shock waves through the entire industry – to all corners of computer and traditional animation. At that time, most traditional artists were afraid of the computer. They did not realize that the computer was merely a different tool in the artist's kit but instead perceived it as a type of automation that might endanger their jobs. Luckily, this attitude changed dramatically in the early '80s with the use of personal computers in the home. The release of our Luxo Jr. ... reinforced this opinion turnaround within the professional community.” –Edwin Catmull, Computer Animation: A Whole New World, 1998.

The film was released for home video as part of Tiny Toy Stories in 1996 and Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1 in 2007.

Legacy

In 1986, Luxo Jr. received an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Short Film. It was the first CGI film nominated for an Academy Award.[16] Spinoffs of the short called "Surprise", "Light & Heavy", "Up and Down", and "Front and Back" have appeared on Sesame Street, which are now available on the Pixar Short Films Collection – Volume 1 though the original narrative track is not included.

Luxo Jr., without the cord, now serves as the mascot for Pixar Animation Studios, appearing in its production logo before and after every feature film (except for original printings of Toy Story, where he only appears after the film), in addition with the latest Walt Disney CGI variant used from 1995 to 2007. He hops in from the right, stops next to the "I" in "PIXAR", and jumps on it until he has completely squashed it down, as he did to the rubber ball in the short. He then looks around to check if the letter had been squashed down, then angles his "head" toward the camera; at this point, all the light typically fades to black except for his head, which goes out with a click after a moment. Occasionally, the head fades in time with the light—this is usually the case when the logo appears right before a Pixar feature film—but this is exceptional.

Some variations of this sequence were created for specific Pixar films. For Cars, the message "Celebrating 20 Years" appeared as the background faded out, with Luxo Jr.'s head used as the zero. Pixar was founded in 1986; Cars, released in 2006, marked their 20th anniversary.

In a teaser trailer for WALL-E, his bulb burns out when he turns to look at the camera. WALL-E rolls in from the right, replaces the bulb with an energy-efficient fluorescent bulb (to keep with the environmental themes of the film), and pats Luxo Jr. on the head before going back the way he came. However, he trips over the "R" in PIXAR as he goes, so he stops and positions his body to take its place, after which Luxo Jr. looks at the camera. WALL-E slightly peeks his eyes out, and the lights go out normally. This is also shown after the end credits of that film, also concluding with a "BnL" jingle and logo afterwards.

A new variant of the sequence, optimized for 3-D projection, was first played with the 3D version of Up. The same animation as the regular logo plays as normal. However, the camera pans to the right while zooming out from the "P" in the PIXAR letters; therefore Luxo Jr is seen approaching from the centre when he's first seen.

Another anniversary variation was created for the 2011 film Cars 2, with the message "Celebrating 25 Years" appearing as the background faded out. The C appeared in the same position as Luxo Jr.'s head, which subsequently faded away to leave only the text, again celebrating Pixar's anniversary. This variation appears only in theaterical releases of the said film. However, in the DVD, as well the Blu-Ray releases and TV airing uses the standard logo instead.

In Toy Story Toons, Luxo Jr. looks up to the falling curtain, which reveals the title, Woody and Buzz. Both pose as soon as the curtain fell completely.

Other appearances

Notes

  1. 1 2 The Pixar Story (2007) (TV documentary)
  2. ↑ Feature: Toy Story: A Triumph of Animation
  3. 1 2 Paik, K., Lasseter, J., Iwerks, L., Jobs, S. & Catmull, E. (2007). To Infinity and Beyond!: The Story of Pixar Animation Studios. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-5012-4.
  4. ↑ PIXAR: The Company and Its Founders - Sharyland ISD (page ten)
  5. ↑ "Luxo Sr.--an Interview With John Lasseter". harrymccracken.com.
  6. ↑ "New Films Added to National Registry - News Releases - Library of Congress". loc.gov.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Pixar Founding Documents". Alvy Ray Smith. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 Price, p. 89
  9. 1 2 3 Price, p. 91
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Price, p. 92
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Price, p. 90
  12. 1 2 3 Foley, J. D., Van Dam, A., Feiner, S. K. & Hughes, J. F. (1995). Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-84840-3.
  13. ↑ Courrier, K. (2005). Randy Newman's American Dreams: American Dreams. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-55022-690-4.
  14. ↑ "What is the song used as sountrack for Pixar's "Luxo jr" short (1986)?". quora.com.
  15. ↑ Private e-mail exchange with Forrest at Kaleidosound
  16. 1 2 3 Internet Movie Database
  17. ↑ "Pinokio". 1 December 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  18. ↑ "Animation World News - Luxo Jr. Joins Toy Story 2". Animation World Magazine (4.9). December 1999. Retrieved May 4, 2013. The Academy Award-nominated, animated short film, Luxo Jr., is accompanying Toy Story 2 for its entire run.
  19. ↑ Hochberg, Matt (12 May 2010). "Luxo Jr's Obituary". Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  20. ↑ "Pixar Intro Parody". 19 October 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2012.

References

External links

Preceded by
The Adventures of André and Wally B.		 Pixar Animation Studios short films
1986 		Succeeded by
Red's Dream
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