Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction
In mathematics, the Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction or Lyapunov–Schmidt construction is used to study solutions to nonlinear equations in the case when the implicit function theorem does not work. It permits the reduction of infinite-dimensional equations in Banach spaces to finite-dimensional equations. It is named after Aleksandr Lyapunov and Erhard Schmidt.
Problem setup
Let
be the given nonlinear equation, and are Banach spaces ( is the parameter space). is the -map from a neighborhood of some point to and the equation is satisfied at this point
For the case when the linear operator is invertible, the implicit function theorem assures that there exists a solution satisfying the equation at least locally close to .
In the opposite case, when the linear operator is non-invertible, the Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction can be applied in the following way.
Assumptions
One assumes that the operator is a Fredholm operator.
and has finite dimension.
The range of this operator has finite co-dimension and is a closed subspace in .
Without loss of generality, one can assume that
Lyapunov–Schmidt construction
Let us split into the direct product , where .
Let be the projection operator onto .
Let us consider also the direct product .
Applying the operators and to the original equation, one obtains the equivalent system
Let and , then the first equation
can be solved with respect to by applying the implicit function theorem to the operator
(now the conditions of the implicit function theorem are fulfilled).
Thus, there exists a unique solution satisfying
Now substituting into the second equation, one obtains the final finite-dimensional equation
Indeed, the last equation is now finite-dimensional, since the range of is finite-dimensional. This equation is now to be solved with respect to , which is finite-dimensional, and parameters :
References
- Louis Nirenberg, Topics in nonlinear functional analysis, New York Univ. Lecture Notes, 1974.