Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization

First edition
Lydian mode on C  Play .
Thirteenth chord constructed from notes of the Lydian mode.  Play 
Russell's original six Lydian scales[1]

The Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization is a 1953 jazz music theory book written by George Russell. The book is the founding text of the Lydian Chromatic Concept (LCC), or Lydian Chromatic Theory (LCT). Russell's work postulates that all music is based on the tonal gravity of the Lydian mode.

Deriving Lydian

Russell believed that dominant function was the driving force behind all harmonic motion. Russell focuses on the Lydian mode because it can be built with fifths. For instance, to construct a C lydian scale one could list the first seven tones on the circle of fifths starting with C, the desired Lydian Tonic. This process would yield C, G, D, A, E, B, F♯. If these tones are voiced in the space of an octave, they form the Lydian mode (C, D, E, F♯, G, A, B).[2] Additionally, Russell observed, when these tones are voiced in thirds they form the preferred form of a major 13th chord.[3]

The Lydian Chromatic Scale

Russell builds a prototype chromatic scale starting on the Lydian Tonic by stacking fifths, skipping the interval between the seventh and eighth tones. Using C as the Lydian Tonic yields the following 12-note scale with enharmonic respellings: C, G, D, A, E, B, F♯,C♯, G♯, D♯(E♭), A♯(B♭), E♯(F), B♯(C). Thus the Lydian Chromatic Scale and all its derivatives contain only Pythagorean intervals.[4]

Tonal gravity

Russell posited that tonal gravity emanates from the first seven tones of the Lydian mode. As the player ventures further from the Lydian tonic however (and further up the circle of fifths), the tonal gravity shifts. For example, if notes further up the circle of fifths (e.g. ♯2/♭3) are used, the tonal gravity is probably shifting.[5]

Influence

Russell's theory has had far reaching effect especially in the realm of modal jazz. Art Farmer said that it "opens the door to countless means of melodic expression"[6] and critic Joachim-Ernst Berendt described it as "the first work deriving a theory of jazz harmony from the immanent laws of jazz" and as "the pathbreaker for Miles Davis' and John Coltrane's 'modality'".[7] Bill Evans and Miles Davis utilized the theory[8][9] and used it to record modal jazz, such as the album Kind of Blue. John Coltrane's modal jazz is usually analyzed using Russell's method.[10] In arguably his most famous piece, "Giant Steps," Coltrane can be heard traveling through a succession of three parent Lydian Chromatic scales: C Lydian, A♭ Lydian, and E Lydian.[11] Additionally, many conservatories teach Russell's theory to varying degrees.[12][13]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Russell (1964), p.4-5. Cited in Bruno Nettl, Melinda Russell; eds. (1998). In the Course of Performance: Studies in the World of Musical Improvisation, p.153. University of Chicago ISBN 9780226574103.
  2. ↑ Olive Jones and George Russell, The Black Perspective in Music, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Spring, 1974), pp. 63-74 , p.65.
  3. ↑ "Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization", LydianChromaticConcept.com. Note: gray text on gray background (select text or copy and paste to make legible).
  4. ↑ Russell, George (2001) [1953]. "Chapter II The Lydian Chromatic Scale: Its Eleven Member Scales and Five Tonal Orders". George Russell's Lydian chromatic concept of tonal organization. Volume One: The art and science of tonal gravity (Fourth (Second printing, corrected, 2008) ed.). Brookline, Massachusetts: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 10–17. ISBN 0-9703739-0-2.
  5. ↑ "Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization 2", LydianChromaticConcept.com.
  6. ↑ Harrison, Max (1991). A Jazz Retrospect. London: Quartet Books. p. 58. ISBN 0-7043-0144-X.
  7. ↑ Berendt, Joachim (1976). The Jazz Book. Paladin. p. 357.
  8. ↑ , video by WGBH about Russell's life and his impact on jazz.
  9. ↑ "Excerpt from The Gravity Man by Alice Dragoon", LydianChromaticConcept.com.
  10. ↑ Aural Archetypes and Cyclic Perspectives in the Work of John Coltrane and Ancient Chinese Music Theory Hafez Modirzadeh Vol. 21, No. 1 (Spring, 2001), pp. 75-106; Published by: Center for Black Music Research - Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press, p.80
  11. ↑ Russell, George (2001). The Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization: The Art and Science of Tonal Gravity. Brookline, MA: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0970373908.
  12. ↑ , p.65.
  13. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions about George Russell’s Lydian Chromatic Concept Of Tonal Organization", LydianChromaticConcept.com.

Further reading

External links

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