Mac Scelling

Mac Scelling
Mac Scelling's name as it appears on folio 504r of Dublin Royal Irish Academy MS C iii 3 (the Annals of the Four Masters).[1]

Mac Scelling (fl. 1154–1173/1174), also known as Mac Scilling, was a prominent twelfth-century military commander engaged in conflicts throughout Ireland. He is first recorded in 1154 commanding the maritime forces of Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain in a bloody encounter against Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht. Muirchertach's naval forces were drawn from the western peripheries of Scotland and the Isles. He next appears on record in 1173/1174, supporting the cause of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht against the English colonisation of Mide. An early modern Scottish source claims that a man of the same name was a bastard son of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles. If Mac Scelling was indeed related to Somairle, this relationship could cast light on the latter's conflict with Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of the Isles, a man who appears to have opposed Muirchertach at some point in his career. Although not termed so in contemporary sources, Mac Scelling may be regarded as an early archetype of later gallowglasses, heavily-armed Scottish mercenaries recruited by Irish rulers in centuries that followed.

In the service of the Meic Lochlainn

Locations relating to Mac Scelling's life and times.

Midway through the twelfth-century, Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain (died 1166) pressed forth to claim to the high-kingship of Ireland, an office then held by elderly Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht (died 1156).^[2] In 1150, Muirchertach invaded Connacht, and succeeded in gaining hostages from the kingdom.^[3] Although Muirchertach and Toirrdelbach made peace the following year,^[4] their forces clashed the year after that, with Muirchertach's defeat of Toirrdelbach's son, Ruaidrí (died 1198).^[5] In 1154, the forces of Toirrdelbach and Muirchertach again met in a major conflict fought off the Inishowen coast, in what was perhaps one of the greatest naval battles of the twelfth century.^[6] According to the Annals of the Four Masters, Muirchertach's maritime forces were mercenaries drawn from Galloway, Arran, Kintyre, Mann, and "the territories of Scotland".^[7] The annal-entry further reveals that Mac Scelling himself commanded Muirchertach's forces, and that his teeth were knocked out in the affair.^[7] Although Toirrdelbach's forces obtained a narrow victory, his northern maritime power seems to have been virtually nullified by the severity of the contest,^[8] and Muirchertach soon after marched on Connacht,^[9] Bréifne,^[10] and Dublin.^[11] As a result of the Dubliners' resulting submission, Muirchertach effectively secured himself the high-kingship.^[12]

An apparent Meic Somairle namesake

Detail from Maughold IV, a Manx runestone displaying a contemporary sailing vessel. The power of the kings of the Isles laid in their armed galley-fleets.^[13]

Mac Scelling's identity and origins are unknown.^[14] His name is similar to that of "Gall mac Sgillin", a supposed bastard son of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll (died 1164), noted in the early modern Book of Clanranald.^[15] Somairle was a brother-in-law of Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of the Isles (died 1187), a man who succeeded to the kingship of the Isles in 1153. Within a few years, the two fought for control of the Kingdom of the Isles. Although Somairle succeeded in ousting Guðrøðr, he himself was dead within a decade, and Guðrøðr regained the throne.^[16] If Mac Scelling was indeed a member of the Meic Somairle—the descendants of Somairle—this relationship may cast light upon Somairle's struggles in the Isles. For instance, Mac Scelling's cooperation with Muirchertach could be evidence that Guðrøðr faced united opposition from Somairle and Muirchertach.^[17] In fact, there is evidence indicating that Guðrøðr and Muirchertach were indeed at odds at some point in the 1150s or 1160s, as the former appears to have briefly gained the kingship of Dublin at the expense of Muirchertach's authority as overlord.^[18]

In the service of the Uí Conchobair

A rook gaming piece of the so-called Lewis chessmen. Some of the pieces may have arrived in the Isles as a result of Guðrøðr's connections with Norway.^[19] The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament, and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces.^[20]

In the last third of the twelfth century, Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster (died 1171) was deposed and driven from Ireland by his rivals. He subsequently enlisted the aid of English mercenaries and launched an invasion of Ireland. In 1170, the combined forces of Diarmait and Richard fitz Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke (died 1176) conquered Dublin.^[21] The following year, the aforesaid Ruaidrí, who was then the reigning High King of Ireland and King of Connacht, along with Lorcán Ua Tuathail, Archbishop of Dublin (died 1180), appealed to Guðrøðr for military assistance from the Isles. Although Ruaidrí besieged the town by land, whilst Guðrøðr blockaded it by sea, Dublin remained firmly in English hands. Within the year, Henry II, King of England (died 1189) arrived in Ireland and consolidated English control.^[22] One of the few provincial kings who refused to submit to Henry was Ruaidrí himself; and in 1173 or 1174, he assembled a massive host from northern Ireland in campaign to bring a halt to the English colonisation of Mide.^[23] According to the Song of Dermot and the Earl, one of the numerous rulers who rallied to Ruaidrí's cause was Mac Scelling himself.^[24] This source further states that Ruaidrí enlisted support not only support from Leath Cuinn^[25]—a reference to northern Ireland—but also from "les Norreys" and "les Norreis"—two terms that may refer to Norsemen.^[26] The Song of Dermot and the Earl, therefore, appears to indicate that Ruaidrí indeed received support from the Hebrides.^[27]

Archetypical gallowglass

The little that is known of Mac Scelling suggests that he was an early archetype of what latter became known as gallowglasses,^[28] heavily-armed mercenaries, recruited from the West Highlands and Islands of Scotland by Irish rulers in later centuries. Although first specifically recorded in the last decade of the thirteenth century, gallowglasses were almost certainly utilised at least a generation before.^[29]

Citations

1. Royal Irish Academy MS C iii 3 (n.d.).
2. O'Byrne (2005a); O'Byrne (2005c); Duffy (2004).
3. O'Byrne (2005a); O'Byrne (2005c); Duffy (2004); Simms (2004).
4. Duffy (2004).
5. O'Byrne (2005a); O'Byrne (2005b); O'Byrne (2005c); Duffy (2004); Flanagan (2004b); Simms (2004).
6. O'Byrne (2005a); O'Byrne (2005b); O'Byrne (2005c); Duffy (2004); Griffin (2002) pp. 41–42; Duffy (1992) pp. 124–125.
7. Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) 1154.11; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) 1154.11; McDonald (2007a) p. 71; Duffy (2004); Simms (2000) p. 12; Duffy (1999) p. 356, 356 n. 68; Ó Corráin (1999) p. 372; Duffy (1992) pp. 124–125; Sellar (1971) p. 29.
8. Griffin (2002) p. 42.
9. O'Byrne (2005a); O'Byrne (2005b); O'Byrne (2005c); Duffy (2004); Griffin (2002) p. 42.
10. O'Byrne (2005a); O'Byrne (2005b); Duffy (2004).
11. O'Byrne (2005a); Duffy (2004); Griffin (2002) p. 42.
12. Duffy (2004).
13. McDonald (2007b) pl. 1.
14. Duffy (2007b) p. 2; Duffy (1992) p. 125 n. 157.
15. Duffy (2007a) p. 143; Duffy (2007b) pp. 2, 7; Duffy (1999) p. 356 n. 68; Duffy (1992) p. 125 n. 157; Sellar (1971) p. 35 n. 26; Macbain; Kennedy (1894) pp. 156–157.
16. McDonald (2007b) p. 67.
17. Duffy (2007b) p. 3.
18. Duffy (2007b) pp. 3–4.
19. Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 178.
20. Strickland (2012) p. 113.
21. Flanagan (2004a); Flanagan (2004b); Duffy (2007b) p. 4–5.
22. Duffy (2007b) p. 6.
23. O'Byrne (2005b); Flanagan (2004b); Duffy (2007b) p. 7.
24. Song of Dermot and the Earl (2011) § 3254; Song of Dermot and the Earl (2010) § 3254; Duffy (2007a) p. 143; Duffy (2007b) pp. 7–8; Crooks (2005).
25. Song of Dermot and the Earl (2011) §§ 3261, 3271; Song of Dermot and the Earl (2010) §§ 3261, 3271; Duffy (2007b) pp. 7–8.
26. Song of Dermot and the Earl (2011) §§ 3260, 3270; Song of Dermot and the Earl (2010) §§ 3260, 3270; Duffy (2007b) pp. 7–8.
27. Duffy (2007b) p. 8.
28. Duffy (2007b) pp. 2–3.
29. Duffy (2007b) pp. 1–2.

References

Primary sources

• "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (3 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013a. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
• "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013b. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
• Macbain, A; Kennedy, J, eds. (1894). "The Book of Clanranald". Reliquiæ Celticæ: Texts, Papers and Studies in Gaelic Literature and Philology, Left by the Late Rev. Alexander Cameron, LL.D. Vol. 2, Poetry, History, and Philology. Inverness: The Northern Counties Newspaper and Printing and Publishing Company. pp. 138–309 – via Internet Archive.
• "Royal Irish Academy MS C iii 3 (The Annals of the Four Masters)". Irish Script on Screen. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
• "Song of Dermot and the Earl". Corpus of Electronic Texts (24 February 2011 ed.). University College Cork. 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
• "Song of Dermot and the Earl". Corpus of Electronic Texts (27 April 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2015.

Secondary sources

• Caldwell, DH; Hall, MA; Wilkinson, CM (2009). "The Lewis Hoard of Gaming Pieces: A Re-examination of Their Context, Meanings, Discovery and Manufacture". Medieval Archaeology 53 (1): 155–203. doi:10.1179/007660909X12457506806243. eISSN 1745-817X. ISSN 0076-6097.
• Crooks, P (2005). "Mac Murchada, Diarmait". In Duffy, S. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 299–302. ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
• Duffy, S (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Dublin and Man, 1052–1171". Ériu 43: 93–133. eISSN 2009-0056. ISSN 0332-0758. JSTOR 30007421 – via JSTOR. (subscription required (help)).
• Duffy, S (1999). "Ireland and Scotland, 1014–1169: Contacts and Caveats". In Smyth, AP. Seanchas: Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis J. Byrne. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 348–356. ISBN 1-85182-489-8 – via Academia.edu.
• Duffy, S (2004). "Mac Lochlainn, Muirchertach (d. 1166)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20745. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (subscription required (help)).
• Duffy, S (2007a). "Henry II and England's Insular Neighbours". In Harper-Bill, C; Vincent, N. Henry II: New Interpretations. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 129–153. ISBN 978-1-84383-340-6.
• Duffy, S (2007b). "The Prehistory of the Galloglass". In Duffy, S. The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 1–23. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0 – via Google Books.
• Flanagan, MT (2004a). "Mac Murchada, Diarmait (c.1110–1171)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17697. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (subscription required (help)).
• Flanagan, MT (2004b). "Ua Conchobair, Ruaidrí [Rory O'Connor] (c.1116–1198)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20522. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (subscription required (help)).
• Griffin, PC (2002). The Mac Lochlainn High-Kingship in Late Pre-Norman Ireland (PDF) (PhD thesis). Trinity College, Dublin.
• McDonald, RA (2007a). "Dealing Death from Man: Manx Sea Power in and around the Irish Sea, 1079–1265". In Duffy, S. The World of the Galloglass: Kings, Warlords and Warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Dublin: Four Courts Press. pp. 45–76. ISBN 978-1-85182-946-0 – via Google Books.
• McDonald, RA (2007b). Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-047-2.
• O'Byrne, E (2005a). "Mac Lochlainn, Muirchertach (c. 1110–1166)". In Duffy, S. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 295–298. ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
• O'Byrne, E (2005b). "Ua Conchobair, Ruaidrí (c. 1116–1198)". In Duffy, S. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 466–471. ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
• O'Byrne, E (2005c). "Ua Conchobair, Tairrdelbach (1088–1156)". In Duffy, S. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 471–474. ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
• Ó Corráin, D (1999). "Review of B Smith, Britain and Ireland, 900–1300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change". Peritia 13: 371–375. doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.391. ISSN 0332-1592.
• Sellar, WDH (1971). "Family Origins in Cowal and Knapdale". Scottish Studies: The Journal of the School of Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh 15: 21–37. ISSN 0036-9411 – via Google Books.
• Simms, K (2000) [1987]. From Kings to Warlords. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-784-9 – via Google Books.
• Simms, K (2004). "Ua Conchobair, Toirdelbach Mór [Turlough the Great O'Connor] (1088–1156)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20524. Retrieved 7 March 2013. (subscription required (help)).
• Strickland, MJ (2012). "The King of Scots at War, 1093–1286". In Spiers, EM; Crang, JA; Strickland, MJ. A Military History of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 94–132 – via Questia. (subscription required (help)).