Mackinaw River

Mackinaw River
Mackinaw River near Tremont, Illinois
Basin
Progression	Mackinaw River → Illinois → Mississippi → Gulf of Mexico
Main source	Ford County east of Sibley, Illinois 40°35′20″N 88°21′59″W / 40.5889233°N 88.3664421°W
River mouth	Confluence with the Illinois River near Mapleton, Illinois 40°33′06″N 89°43′56″W / 40.5517055°N 89.7323284°W
Mouth elevation	443 ft (135 m)
Length	130 mi (210 km)
GNIS ID	403283

The Mackinaw River is a 130-mile-long (210 km)^[1] tributary of the Illinois River in the U.S. state of Illinois.^[2] Its watershed covers approximately 1,136 square miles (3,000 km²),^[3] and contains some of the most productive agricultural land in the United States. The river itself maintains some of the highest quality streams in the state and provides habitat for 60-70 native fish species and 25-30 mussels.^[4] Its name, also spelled Mackinac, is derived from the Ojibwe word mikinaak meaning "turtle".^[5]

Description

The Mackinaw River begins near Sibley, Illinois, in Ford County. From its headwaters the river flows west through McLean County, where it provides drainage to part of the Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area, and Woodford County. It continues west and then southwestward through Tazewell County before flowing into the Illinois River just south of Pekin.^[4]

The river flows through three natural divisions, including the Grand Prairie, Upper Mississippi River and Illinois Bottomlands, and Illinois and Mississippi Sand Areas. Early in its life, several thousand years ago following the Wisconsin glaciation, it cut through several moraines, which influenced the structure of the riverbed. The upper section of the watershed is marked by a series of pools and fast-flowing riffles. The character of the river downstream of the moraines is markedly different, with a relatively wide floodplain, large meanders and erosion-prone sandy banks. Its principal tributaries are Panther, Walnut and Money creeks, and the Little Mackinaw River.^[3]

History

People of the Hopewell culture lived in the area 1,700 to 2,100 years ago. The Kickapoo, Potawatomi, Chippewa, and Ottawa peoples also fished, hunted and lived along the river for several centuries, through the 1830s. In 1853 a group of 200 Kickapoo still lived along the river but they were expected to move to a reservation in Missouri the next year.^[6]

There are only a few villages along or near the Mackinaw River. These include (beginning up stream): Sibley, Colfax, Lexington, and Mackinaw. Each was laid out prior to the arrival of the railroad in the region during the 1850s, which diminished the importance of river transport.

The Mackinaw River State Fish and Wildlife Area is a 1,448-acre (586 ha) state park along the river in Tazewell County. Operated by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, the area provides opportunities for fishing, canoeing, hiking, hunting and general interaction with nature.^[7]

See also

• List of Illinois rivers

References

1. U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed May 13, 2011
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Mackinaw River
3. Price, Alison L.; Shasteen, Diane K.; Bales, Sarah A. "Freshwater Mussels of the Mackinaw River: INHS Technical Report 2011 (45)" (PDF). Champaign, IL: Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
4. "Mackinaw River". The Great Rivers Partnership. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
5. Nichols, John D.; Nyholm, Earl (1995). A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
6. Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States Collected and Prepared Under the Direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Per Act of Congress of March 3d, 1847, Henry R. Schoolcraft, volume 3, page 592
7. "Mackinaw River - State Fish and Wildlife Area". Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved December 4, 2015.