Magdalene asylum

Magdalene Laundry in England, early twentieth century, from Frances Finnegan, Do Penance or Perish (Fig. 5) Congrave Press, 2001

Magdalene asylums, also known as Magdalene laundries, were institutions from the 18th to the late 20th centuries ostensibly to house "fallen women", a term used to imply female sexual promiscuity or work in prostitution. Asylums operated throughout Europe and North America for much of the nineteenth and well into the twentieth century, the last one closing in 1996. The institutions were named after the Biblical figure Mary Magdalene, in earlier centuries characterised as a reformed prostitute.

Inception

The first Magdalene institution was founded in late 1758 in Whitechapel, England,[1] which led to the establishment of a similar institution in Ireland by 1767.[1] The first Magdalene asylum in the United States was the Magdalen Society of Philadelphia, founded in 1800; other North American cities, including New York, Boston, Chicago, and Toronto, quickly followed suit.[2][3] In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Magdalene asylums were common in several countries.[2] By 1900, there were more than 300 asylums in England and more than 20 in Scotland.[1][4]

Magdalene asylums by country

Australia

From the early 1890s to the 1960s, most Australian state capitals had a large convent which contained a commercial laundry where the work was done by mostly teenage girls who were placed in the convent, voluntarily or involuntarily, for reasons such as being destitute, uncontrollable, or picked up by the police.[5] According to James Franklin, the girls came from a variety of very disturbed and deprived backgrounds and were individually hard to deal with in many cases.[6]

Laundry work was regarded as suitable as it did not require much training nor substantial capital expense. Memories of conditions in the convent laundries by former inmates are consistently negative, detailing verbal abuse, and very hard work. In accordance with the traditions of the nuns, much of the day proceeded in silence.[7] Like orphanages, they received almost no government funds. As in any underfunded institution, the food was described as bland. The nuns shared the conditions of the inmates, such as the bad food, hard work, the confinement and the long periods of silence. Education for residents was either of poor quality or lacking altogether. There was no physical contact on the part of the sisters, and no emotional contact in the sense of listening to the girls’ own concerns.

Dangers included diseases and workplace accidents. In 1889 one of the sisters of Abbotsford lost her hand in an accident involving a laundry machinery.[8] Conditions of manual work were harsh everywhere. The state-run Parramatta Girls Home, which also had a laundry, had similar harsh conditions but a worse record for assaults.[9]

The asylums were initially established as refuges, with the residents free to leave. In the early 1900s, they reluctantly began to accept court referrals.[8] "They took in girls whom no-one else wanted and who were forcibly confined, contrary to the wishes of both the girls and the nuns."[6] A 1954 report of the Sun Herald of a visit to the Ashford laundry found 55 girls there involuntarily, 124 voluntary inmates including 65 mentally challenged adult women and about 30 who were originally there involuntarily but had stayed on, with dormitories described as seriously overcrowded.[10]

Canada

The Congregation of the Sisters of Misericorde was founded in 1848 by Marie-Rosalie Cadron-Jetté, a widow skilled as a midwife. Their network of asylums developed from their care of unmarried expectant mothers. The Misericordia Sisters endeavored to carry out their ministry discreetly, for the public was neither supportive of their cause nor charitable. The sisters were accused of “encouraging vice”. The order was particularly sensitive to the social stigma attached to a woman who had borne an illegitimate child. The sisters perceived that, by precluding other employment, this often tended to force a woman into prostitution, and in some cases infanticide.[11] According to Sulpician Father Éric Sylvestre, "“When food was scarce, Rosalie would fast so that the moms could eat. She was fond of saying that ‘Single mothers are the treasure of the house.’”[12]

"In receiving patients no discrimination is made in regard to religion, colour, or nationality. After their convalescence, those who desire to remain in the home are placed under a special sister and are known as 'Daughters of St. Margaret'. They follow a certain rule of life but contract no religious obligations. Should they desire to remain in the convent, after a period of probation, they are allowed to become Magdalens and eventually make the vows of the Magdalen institute."[13]

In 1858 Elizabeth Dunlop and others founded the Toronto Magdalene Asylum with the stated goal of "eliminating prostitution by rehabilitating prostitutes".[14]

England

The first Magdalen institution, Magdalen Hospital for the Reception of Penitent Prostitutes, was founded in late 1758 in London by Robert Dingley, a silk merchant, Jonas Hathaway, and John Fielding. The services and crafts that the women worked at helped provide support for the house. As it was agreed that the Magdalenes should receive some practical reward for their service, the women were given a small sum of money. Additional income was generated by promoting the house as a tourist attraction for the upper-classes. Horace Walpole, Fourth Earl of Orford, described staging one of these "entertainments".[15] Historians estimate that by the late 1800s there were more than 300 Magdalen Institutions in England alone.[16]

By the late 1800s many of the institutions had departed from the original model and resembled penitentiary work-houses. However, as these were viewed as commercial workshops and factories they were subject to labor regulations and inspections. The Factory Act of 1901 limited working hours for women thirteen to eighteen years of age to twelve hours a day.[15]

Ireland

Irish asylum, c. early twentieth century

The first asylum in Ireland opened on Leeson Street in Dublin in 1765, founded by Lady Arabella Denny. The last Irish asylum closed in 1996. In Belfast, in Northern Ireland, the Church of Ireland-run Ulster Magdalene Asylum was founded in 1839, while parallel institutions were run by Catholics and Presbyterians.[17][18]

The discovery in 1993 of a mass grave on the grounds of a former convent in Dublin led to media articles about the operations of the institutions, and ultimately to a call on the part of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child for a government inquiry.[19] A formal state apology was issued in 2013, and a €60 million compensation scheme was set up. The four religious institutes that ran the Irish asylums have not as yet contributed to compensate the survivors of abuse, despite demands from the Irish government, and the UN Committee Against Torture.[20] The sisters continue to care for more than 100 elderly Magdalene women who remain in their care.[21]

Senator Martin McAleese chaired an Inter-Departmental Committee to establish the facts of State involvement with the Magdalen Laundries. An Interim Report was released in October 2011.[22] In 2013 the BBC did a special investigation, Sue Lloyd-Roberts' "Demanding justice for women and children abused by Irish nuns." [23] The Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, and Sisters of Charity, have ignored requests by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child and the UN Committee Against Torture to contribute to the compensation fund for victims including 600 still alive in March 2014.[24]

The Magdalene Sisters, a 2002 film by Peter Mullan, is based on historical facts about four young women incarcerated in a Dublin Magdalene Laundry from 1964 to 1968.

United States

Asylum records show that in the early history of the Magdalene movement, many women entered and left the institutions of their own accord, sometimes repeatedly. Lu Ann De Cunzo wrote in her book, Reform, Respite, Ritual: An Archaeology of Institutions; The Magdalene Society of Philadelphia, 1800-1850,[25] that the women in Philadelphia's asylum "sought a refuge and a respite from disease, the prison or almshouse, unhappy family situations, abusive men and dire economic circumstances." In its early years, the Magdalen Society Asylum functioned as a refuge for prostitutes. Most of these stayed only a few days or a few weeks, just long enough to get reclothed and recuperated. Attempts at rehabilitation met with little success. In 1877, the asylum was changed into a home for wayward girls, with a rule requiring a stay for twelve months. As the Magdalen Society Asylum became more selective, relaxed its emphasis on personal guilt and salvation, and standardized in some respects the treatment of the inmates, its rate of failure diminished.[26]

The Female Penitent's Refuge Society of Boston was incorporated in 1823.[27]

New York's Magdalen Society was established in 1830 with the purpose of rescuing women from lives of prostitution and vice— sometimes kidnapping them from brothels. In 1907 a new home was established in the Inwood section of Manhattan. This was the second time the Society found it necessary to move to a larger facility. Many of the young women who passed through the doors of the Inwood institution had worked the taverns, brothels and alleyways of lower Manhattan before being “rescued” by the Society. Girls were generally committed for a period of three years. Through the years several girls died or were injured climbing out of windows in failed escape attempts. In 1917 the Magdalen Benevolent Society changed its name to Inwood House. In the early 1920s bichloride of mercury was commonly used to treat new arrivals for venereal disease, resulting in a number of cases of mercury poisoning. The property was later sold and the agency relocated. Inwood House continues to operate, with its main focus on teen pregnancy.[28]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 ^ Finnegan 8
  2. 1 2 ^ Smith xv
  3. ↑ "Feng, Violet. "The Magdalene Laundry", Sixty Minutes, CBS, August 8, 2003". 8 August 2003.
  4. ↑ "Magdalen Hospital for the Reception of Penitent Prostitutes". Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  5. ↑ "Bad girls do the best sheets", ABC Radio, 9 April 2001
  6. 1 2 Franklin, James. "Convent Slave Lauderies? Magdalen Asylums in Australia", Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society 34 (2013), 70-90
  7. ↑ Taylor, H., "The Magdalen refuge at Tempe", Sydney Morning Herald, 20 January 1890
  8. 1 2 C. Kovesi, C., Pitch Your Tents on Distant Shores: A History of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd in Australia, Aotearoa/New Zealand and Tahiti, Playwright Publishing, Caringbah, 2006, 2nd ed, 2010
  9. ↑ Williamson, N. "Laundry maids or ladies? Life in the Industrial and Reformatory School for Girls in NSW", Part II, 1887 to 1910, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 68 (1983), pp.312-324
  10. ↑ "They get no pay but are mostly contented", Sun-Herald, 12 September 1954
  11. ↑ Currier, Charles Warren. "Sisters of Mercy, of Montreal", History of Religious Orders, P. Murphy, 1898
  12. ↑ Durocher, Eric. "Midwife of Mercy", Columbia, January 1, 2015
  13. ↑ "Congregation of the Sisters of Misericorde". Catholic Encyclopedia.
  14. ↑ Martel, Marcel. Canada the Good: A Short History of Vice since 1500, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 2014, ISBN 9781554589487
  15. 1 2 McCarthy, Rebecca Lea. Origins of the Magdalene Laundries: An Analytical History, McFarland, 2010, ISBN 9780786455805
  16. ↑ "Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee to establish the facts of State involvement with the Magdalen Laundries", Chap.3, February 6, 2013
  17. ↑ Alison Roberts (2003). "The Magdalene Laundry".
  18. ↑ Garth Toyntanen (2008). Institutionalised. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-9558501-0-3.
  19. ↑ "UN calls for Magdalene laundries investigation, demands Vatican turn over child abusers to police". RTE News. 5 February 2014. Retrieved August 2014.
  20. ↑ "Investigate Magdalen Abuses: UN", Irish Examiner, June 7, 2011
  21. ↑ Niall O Sullivan (August 2, 2013). "Magdalene compensation snub is ‘rejection of Laundry women’". Irish Post. Retrieved August 2014.
  22. ↑ Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee to establish the facts of State involvement with the Magdalen Laundries. https://maggiemcneill.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/magdalene-report-2-5-13.pdf
  23. ↑ "Demanding justice for women and children abused by Irish nuns" BBC Magazine, September 23, 2013. http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29307705
  24. ↑ Ireland’s Forced Labour Survivors. BBC Assignment. October 18, 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p028rz97
  25. ↑ published in Historical Archeology, the journal of the Society for Historical Archaeology
  26. ↑ Ruggles, Stephen. "Fallen Women: The Inmates Of The Magdalens Society Asylum Of Philadelphia, 1836-1908", Journal of Social History
  27. ↑ The Penitent Females' Refuge and Bethesda Societies ... Embracing Their Object, Act of Incorporation, Constitution, and Rules and Regulations; with Extracts from Reports,&c, Boston, 1859.
  28. ↑ "Thompson, Cole. "Inwood’s Old Magdalen Asylum", My Inwood".

Sources

Further reading

External links


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