Malcolm Dole

Malcolm Dole
Born March 4, 1903
Melrose, Massachusetts
Died November 29, 1990
Los Gatos, California
Residence United States
Nationality United States
Fields Physical chemistry
Electrochemistry
Polymer chemistry
Institutions Northwestern University
Baylor University
Alma mater Harvard University
Doctoral advisor Theodore William Richards
Known for Dole effect
Glass electrodes
Polymer crosslinking
Electrospray ionization
Influences Peter Debye
Influenced John Bennett Fenn

Malcolm Dole (March 4, 1903 November 29, 1990) was an American chemist known for the Dole Effect in which he proved that the atomic weight of oxygen in air is greater than that of oxygen in water[1] and for his work on electrospray ionization, polymer chemistry, and electrochemistry.[2][3]

Dole effect

The Dole effect is the inequality in the ratio of heavy oxygen isotope 18O to the more abundant 16O in the earth's atmosphere and in seawater. This effect was reported by Dole in 1935.[4][5] The effect is due to slightly different reaction rates for the two isotopes in respiration in plants and in animals which tends to retain the lighter 16O, which increases the relative concentration of 18O in the atmosphere.

Electrospray

Electrospray is a process in which a high voltage is applied to a liquid to create an aerosol containing highly charged droplets. Dole in 1968 was the first to use electrospray ionization with mass spectrometry.[6][7]

Books

References

  1. Dole, M. (1935). "The relative atomic weight of oxygen in water and air". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (12): 2731. doi:10.1021/ja01315a511.
  2. Klotz, Irving M.; Ratner, Mark (December 1991). "Obituary: Malcolm Dole". Physics Today 44 (12): 100. doi:10.1063/1.2810380.
  3. "Malcolm Dole Papers, 1924 - 1990" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  4. Dole, Malcolm (1936). "The Relative Atomic Weight of Oxygen in Water and in Air". Journal of Chemical Physics 4 (4): 268–275. doi:10.1063/1.1749834.
  5. Morita, N. (1935). "The increased density of air oxygen relative to water oxygen". J. Chem. Soc. Japan 56: 1291.
  6. Dole M, Mack LL, Hines RL, Mobley RC, Ferguson LD, Alice MB (1968). "Molecular Beams of Macroions". Journal of Chemical Physics 49 (5): 2240–2249. Bibcode:1968JChPh..49.2240D. doi:10.1063/1.1670391.
  7. Birendra N. Pramanik; A.K. Ganguly; Michael L. Gross (28 February 2002). Applied Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: Practical Spectroscopy Series. CRC Press. pp. 4–. ISBN 978-0-8247-4419-9.
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