Mallaah
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| • India • Pakistan • Nepal | |
| Languages | |
| • Maithili • Nepali • Hindi • Sindhi • Seraiki | |
| Religion | |
| • Hinduism • Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| • Teraibasi • Kewat • Bind • Goriya • Chai |
The Mallah (or Nishad)[1] are the traditional boatmen caste and ethnic group of North India, East India and Pakistan. A small number of Mallah are also found in Nepal.[2]
The word mallaah is said to come from an Arabic word which means a motion of moving like bird’s wing. In Bengali the words majhi and mallah usually go together and refer to communities affiliated with the river and sea. Those of India are largely Hindu, with a small Muslim minority, while those of Pakistan are Muslim.This is the caste of warriors , Legendary personalities are from this caste . The Great Phoolan Devi, (Bandit Queen) the politician (MP) belonged to the Mallah community.[3]
Nishad may refer to:
- Nishada Kingdom
- Mahendra Prasad Nishad
- Vishambhar Prasad Nishad
- Jai Narain Prasad Nishad (b. 1930), Indian politician
- Kajal Nishad (b. 1982), Indian actress
- Jamuna Nishad (1953-2010)
In North India
The community is found along the banks of the Yamuna and Ganges rivers of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Most Mallah groups trace their descent from the ancient Nishada tribe, mentioned in the Mahabharata. They are related to the Kewat community, who form the bulk of the boatmen class of North India. Other Mallah sub-groups include the Bind, the Goriya, the Chai, Tiar and Dhimar tribes. All of these groups of Hindu Mallaah are endogamous. Among the Muslim Mallaah, the Chaudriya are largest sub-group, followed by the Jarya. The Muslim Mallaah are found mainly in western Uttar Pradesh.[4] Many Mallaah are now cultivators, with a few now have also taken to other occupations. In Uttar Pradesh, they speak Khari boli, Awadhi and Hindi.The majority of the community are Hindu, although there are a small number of Muslim Mallah.[5]
In Bihar, they are both cultivators and boatmen. They claim descent from the Hindu god Nisadh. The community is also known as Mandalji or Machua. They speak the Angika dialect of Hindi. The community consist of three sub-castes, the Dhoar, Parbattikurin, and Semeri.[6]
In North India, the Mallaah have set up a caste association, the Akhil Bharitiya Nishad Sabha (the All India Nishad Association), which acts as a community welfare association. In most of the Indian states, they are listed as other backward class.[7]
In East India
In West Bengal and Orissa another sub-group of the Mallah community is present and they are known as Mahishya. This community is found mainly in the coastal region of the Bay of Bengal. They speak Bengali and are Hindus.
In Pakistan
In Sindh
In Sindh, the Mallaah are traditionally boatmen and fisherfolk, living along the inlets of the Indus delta. They speak Sindhi, and are close associated with Mohana tribe. The Mallaah are found mainly in the coastal districts of Thatta and Badin, and most are largely still fishermen. Many have seen their traditional areas of habitation washed away by the sea. The Indus Delta is also silting, which makes cultivation difficult. An important subsidiary occupation is animal husbandry, with the Mallaah raising cattle. Although living in close proximity to the Jath community, who customs are similar to the Mallaah, there is almost no intermarriage. The Mallaah community consists of a number of clans, referred to as nukh, the largest Mallaah nukh being the Dablo. famous personalities of sindh mallah, haji ahmed mallah poet and translator of Quran in Sindhi Language, Hakim Ali mallah from Khairpur mirs Sindh a social worker and Advocate by profession, as well as more other names related to mallah community,[8]
In Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
In Punjab, the boatmen belong either to the Mallaah or Jhabel tribe. In south west Punjab, they are often regarded as a clan of Rajputs, and found mainly along the banks of the Indus. They extend as far north as Dera Ismail Khan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, where there settlements are found mainly along the banks of the Indus. In this region, many Mallaah are cultivators, and have given up their occupation as boatmen. They generally combine their specialized occupation of boat management with other occupations such as fishing and the growing of waternuts.[9]
In neighbouring Punjab, the Mallaah are found mainly in the districts of Muzaffargarh, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur and Layyah, and said to be by origin Jhinwar. While Bahawalpur, the Mallaah, Mohana and Jhabel are said to have a common origin, with Mohana being fishermen, the Mallaah being boatmen and Jhabel being cultivators. The Mallah speak Seraiki, and are entirely Sunni.[10] There are also mallaah communities in the Hazara Division of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. They live along the banks of the Indus in the Haripur and Mansehra districts and speak Hindko, a dialect of Punjabi.
See also
References
- ↑ Kumar Suresh Singh, Anthropological Survey of India
- ↑ http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM638.pdf
- ↑ I, Phoolan Devi: The Autobiography of India's Bandit Queen by Phoolan Devi ISBN 9780751519648
- ↑ Tribes and Castes of North Western Provinces and Oudh by William Crooke Volume III
- ↑ People of India Delhi Volume XX edited by T Ghosh & S Nath pages 445 to 448 Manohar Publications
- ↑ People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part Two edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 668 to 670 Seagull Books
- ↑ http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLt5iq8E5sHcb9aZw5ZegRBySCH7TfTamcrBZvQJkfhn9Q57N54VaSrW
- ↑ http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/policy/climate_change/downloads/ogb_report_climate_change_pakistan.pdf
- ↑ A Glossary of the Tribes and Caste of Punjab and the North West Frontier Province by H A Rose pages 62 to 63 Low Price Publications
- ↑ A Glossary of the Tribes and Caste of Punjab by H A Rose pages 62 to 63 Low Price Publications