Maltese cross

For other uses, see Maltese cross (disambiguation).
Maltese cross.
Cross of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
Cross of the Order of Saint Lazarus, founded in circa 1119.
Tilted Maltese cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, founded in 1572 as an amalgation and successor of the Order of Saint Lazarus with the Order of Saint Maurice, founded in 1434.
Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen, founded in 1561.

The Maltese cross, in Italy also known as the Amalfi cross, is the cross symbol associated with the Knights Hospitaller (the Knights of Malta) and by extension with the island of Malta. The cross is eight-pointed and has the form of four "V"-shaped elements, each joining the others at its vertex, leaving the other two tips spread outward symmetrically. Its design is based on crosses used since the First Crusade. It is also the modern symbol of Amalfi, a small Italian republic of the 11th century.

In the mid 16th century, when the Knights were at Malta, the familiar design now known as the "Maltese Cross" became associated with the island. The first evidence for Maltese Cross on Malta appears on the 2 Tarì and 4 Tarì Copper coins of the Grand Master Jean Parisot de Valette (Grand Master 1557–1568). The 2 and 4 Tarì Copper coins are dated 1567. This provides a date for the introduction of the Maltese Cross.[1]

The Maltese cross was depicted on the two mils coin in the old Maltese currency and is now shown on the back of the one and two Euro coins, introduced in January 2008.[2]

Symbolism

Maltese cross in St. John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta, Malta

In the 15th century, the eight points of the four arms of the later called Maltese Cross represented the eight lands of origin, or Langues of the Knights Hospitaller: Auvergne, Provence, France, Aragon, Castille and Portugal, Italy, Germany, and England (with Scotland and Ireland).[3]

The eight points also symbolize the eight obligations or aspirations of the knights:[3]

Both the Order of Saint John (in German, the Johanniterorden) and the Venerable Order of St John teach that the eight points of the cross represent the eight Beatitudes. The Venerable Order's main service organisation, St John Ambulance, has applied secular meanings to the points as representing the traits of a good first aider:[4]

The Maltese cross remains the symbol of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, of the Order of Saint John and its allied orders, of the Venerable Order of Saint John, and of their various service organisations. In recent centuries, numerous other orders have adopted the Maltese cross as part of their insignia (the Order of Saint Lazarus, for example, uses a green Maltese cross). In Australia, the Maltese Cross is part of the state emblem of Queensland.

Modern use

Aviation

In 1967, flight tests were conducted at Fort Rucker, Alabama to determine the most highly visible and effective way to mark a helipad.

There were twenty-five different emblem designs tested, but the 'emblem depicting four blurred rotor blades', referred to as the "Maltese Cross" was selected as the standard heliport marking pattern by the Army for military heliports, and by the FAA for civil heliports.

However, in the late 1970s, the FAA Administrator repealed this standard when it was charged that the Maltese Cross was anti-semitic. In the United States today, there are still some helipads that remain bearing their original Maltese Cross emblem.

The Maltese cross is also used to identify the final approach fix in a non-precision instrument approach (one that lacks precision vertical guidance), in contrast to the use of a lightning bolt type icon, which identifies the final approach fix in a precision approach.

Australia

The flag, badge, and coat of arms of the state of Queensland feature a Maltese Cross and as such many public services incorporate the cross, including the Queensland police and ambulance services. The Maltese Cross is part of the coat of arms of The University of Queensland. The Maltese Cross is also part of the logo for various ambulance services in Australia, such as the South Australian Ambulance Service, the Queensland Ambulance Service, the Ambulance Service of New South Wales, Ambulance Victoria, St John Ambulance Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory Ambulance Service. The Cross, known as the Fire Service Star, is also used by Country Fire Authority in Victoria as an official symbol. It can be seen on uniform hats and on Long Service and Outstanding Service Badges.

Austria

Austria's two highest decorations, the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria and the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art, have the Maltese Cross as their basis.

Belgium

In Belgium, the Maltese Cross is the basis of two of the country's royal orders of merit, the Order of Leopold and the Order of Leopold II.

Croatia

In Croatia it is on the coat of arms of the town Ivanec, named after the Knights of Saint John.

Czech Republic

The 14th district of Prague has a Maltese cross on its coat of arms. The Maltese cross also appears on the coats of arms of several other Czech towns and villages, including Dobřichovice in Central Bohemia; Doubravice in South Bohemia; Staňkovice in the Ústí nad Labem Region; and Medlovice and Orlovice in South Moravia.

France

The Huguenot cross, a symbol of French Protestants, is a Maltese cross with a dove.

The football club AJ Auxerre, founded in 1905 by the priest Abbé Deschamps, has a Maltese cross as its emblem, adapted from that of the Catholic Association of French Youth.

Numerous French communes have the Maltese cross on their coats of arms. Among them are Drucourt, Eysines and Valcanville in Normandy; Rimbachzell in Alsace; Saint-Jean-de-Bassel in Lorraine; Rontalon in Aquitaine; Chappes in Auvergne; Arvieu in Aveyron; and Auton and Vinon-sur-Verdon in Provence.

Germany

The Pour le Mérite

The Pour le Mérite, Imperial Germany's highest award for military valor, was a blue-enameled Maltese Cross with golden eagles between the arms. It was founded in 1740 by the francophile Prussian King Frederick the Great, and was adorned with the French legend Pour le Mérite ("For merit") in gold. Awards of the military class ceased with the dissolution of the Hohenzollern monarchy at the end of World War I in November 1918.

The Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe and the Malteser Hilfsdienst, the resp. Protestant and Catholic ambulance services in Germany, have a Maltese cross in their emblems. The coats of arms of the former duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and the former Mecklenburg-Strelitz district contained a Maltese cross. Several towns in Northern Germany have a Maltese cross on their coats of arms, including Malchin, Mirow, Moraas, Rastow and Sülstorf. Heitersheim and Bad Dürrheim in Southern Germany also have a Maltese cross on their arms.

India

In India, the Maltese Cross is the symbol used by the Garhwal Rifles and Rajputana Rifles.

Italy

Naval Jack of Italy

In Italy, as stated earlier, it is also known as the "Amalfi cross". The Naval Jack of Italy is displaying the national coat of arms of four of the former Maritime republics with Amalfi at the lower left. Besides the town of Amalfi from which takes its name, the cross is also displayed on various towns' coats of arms like Aicurzio, Rolo, San Giovanni di Gerace, Fasano, Gizzeria, Murello, Rodì Milici, Blufi, Ronchis, San Mauro la Bruca and the Province of Salerno.

Malta

Civil ensign of Malta

The Maltese cross is a national symbol of Malta and is displayed as part of the Maltese civil ensign. The Maltese euro coins of one and two euro denomination carry the Maltese cross. It is also the trademark of Air Malta, Malta's national airline.

Medicine

In medicine, the disease Babesiosis is recognized by the tetrad form that the parasite takes inside red blood cells. This is often referred to as a "maltese cross" sign because of the resemblance of the tetrad to the cross on peripheral blood smear.

Renal disease such as nephrotic syndrome produces a fatty cast composed of cholesterol that also has a "maltese cross" appearance on light microscopy.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the Maltese cross forms the basic form for the three highest royal orders of merit: the Orders of the Netherlands Lion, Orange-Nassau and the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau.

Two Dutch towns, Ermelo and Montfoort, use the Maltese cross on their flags, and the former on its coat of arms also.

Norway

In Norway, the Maltese Cross is the symbol used in the Order of St. Olav. Det Norske Veritas uses the Maltese Cross as symbol in the class notifications telling that the ship is constructed under their monitoring.

Philippines

In the Philippines, the Maltese cross is part of the school seal of Colegio de San Juan de Letran. It was founded by Don Juan Alonso Jeronimo Guerrero, a retired Spanish officer and one of the Knights of Malta and Fray Diego de Santa Maria, O.P., a Dominican brother. It is also a part of the pendant of the Quezon Service Cross, which is the highest honor that can be conferred in the Republic.[5] It is also found in the Order of Sikatuna, and Order of the Golden Heart.

Poland

In Poland, the Maltese Cross forms the base for the country's four highest awards of merit: the Order of the White Eagle, Virtuti Militari, the Order of Polonia Restituta and the Order of the Military Cross.

Portugal

In Portugal, the Maltese Cross forms the base for the country's Order of Merit. Also Belenenses, one of the greatest Portuguese teams, uses the symbol.

Spain

In Spain, the Maltese Cross is the symbol used by the military Medical Corps. The cross also forms the basic form for some Spanish orders as the Order of Charles III; the Order of Isabella the Catholic the Order of Montesa and the Order of Queen Maria Luisa. Several municipalities in Spain also use the Maltese cross on their flags and coats-of-arms, including Alguaire and Amposta in Catalonia, Lora del Río in Andalusia and O Barco de Valdeorras, Castrelo de Miño, O Incio, Larouco, O Páramo, A Pobra de Trives, Portomarín and Quiroga in Galicia.

Sweden

In Sweden a Maltese Cross forms the basic form for all the royal orders of merit, The Orders of the Seraphim, Sword, North Star and Vasa. Also the Maltese Cross is used by the Swedish Mounted Royal Guards as their coat of arms. The Swedish municipality of Mönsterås also uses a Maltese Cross on its arms.

Switzerland

The Maltese Cross is the Trademark of the oldest Swiss watch manufacturer, Vacheron Constantin. The coat of arms of Bardonnex, in the Canton of Geneva, also displays a Maltese cross.

United Kingdom

The Badge of the British Army's Bermuda Regiment combines the Maltese Cross of rifle regiments with elements from that of the Royal Artillery.
Coat of arms of Saint John, Jersey.

United States

The Maltese cross with eagle, globe, and anchor in the center is used for the Sharpshooter badge in the United States Marine Corps.

Malta Boat Club, a sculling club on Philadelphia's Boat House Row, uses the Maltese cross as its logo.

Motorcycle clubs in the United States often include the cross pattée, or much less frequently the Maltese cross, in their insignia.

Phi Kappa Sigma, an international all-male college secret and social fraternity, uses a Maltese cross as its symbol.

The Yale University School of Nursing uses the Maltese cross on its official shield.

The Crossmen from San Antonio, Texas use the Maltese cross as their logo.

Items

The Maltese cross flower (Lychnis chalcedonica) is so named because its petals are similarly shaped, though its points are more rounded into "heart"-like shapes. The flower Tripterocalyx crux-maltae was also named for the Maltese cross.[7] The Geneva drive, a device that translates a continuous rotation into an intermittent rotary motion, is also sometimes called a "Maltese cross mechanism" after the shape of its main gear.

Similar crosses

Standard form of the cross pattée
IAFF logo, on St. Florian cross

Maltese crosses have been adapted for use in the cross of Saint Lazarus and as part of the flag of Wallis and Futuna. It has been the official badge (combined with an ellipsoid in the center) of the Delta Phi Fraternity since 1833. A similar cross is also used by the Veterans of Foreign Wars organization.

A variant of the Maltese cross, with three V-shaped arms instead of four, was used as the funnel symbol of the Hamburg Atlantic Line and their successors German Atlantic Line and Hanseatic Tours in 1958–1973 and 1991–1997.

A five-armed variant is the "Cross" of the French Legion of Honour (Croix de la Légion d'honneur).

A seven-armed variant known as the "Maltese asterisk", is used as the basis of Britain's Order of St Michael and St George.

Other crosses with spreading limbs are often mistakenly called "Maltese", especially the cross pattée. The official symbol of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity is the cross pattée, though the organization's founder thought it was a Maltese cross when the organization was formed in 1865. The Nestorian cross also is very similar to both of these.

The cross of Saint Florian, patron saint of firefighters, is often confused with the Maltese cross (for example, the New York City Fire Department so calls it);[8] although it may have eight or more points, it also has large curved arcs between the points. The Philadelphia Fire Department, among others, incorporates the St. Florian cross into its insignia, as does the International Association of Fire Fighters.

The Maltese cross should not be mistaken for the George Cross, awarded to Malta by George VI of the United Kingdom in 1942, which is depicted, since 1964, on the national flag of Malta. The Maltese cross is depicted on the civil ensign of Malta, shown above.

Encoding

Unicode defines a character named "Maltese Cross" in the Dingbats range at codepoint U+2720 (✠); however, the codepoint is usually rendered as a Cross pattée.

See also

References

  1. ↑ History of the Maltese Cross as used by the order of St. John of Jerusalem Accessed: 6/16/2012
  2. ↑ National Euro Changeover Committee - Euro Maltese Coins Archived March 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  3. 1 2 "The Maltese Cross and its significance" GuidetoMalta.net, History. Accessed 17 July 2013.
  4. ↑ "The St. John Cross" (PDF). St. John Ambulance Service. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
  5. ↑ "The Quezon Service Cross". Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  6. ↑ Royal Gurkha Rifles build on Coldstream Guards’ success in southern Helmand Accessed: 6/16/2012
  7. ↑ CalFlora Botanical Names: T. crux-maltae
  8. ↑ History and Heritage / Origin of The Maltese Cross Accessed 17 July 2013.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maltese cross.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, April 18, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.