Mammoplasia

Mammoplasia

It is normal for the breasts to spontaneously enlarge during pregnancy.
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 N62
ICD-9-CM 611.1

Mammoplasia is the normal or spontaneous enlargement of the breasts.[1] Mammoplasia occurs normally during puberty and pregnancy in women, as well as during certain periods of the menstrual cycle (as in premenstrual water retention).[2][3][4] When it occurs in males, it is called gynecomastia and is considered to be pathological.[4] When it occurs in females and is extremely excessive, it is called macromastia (also known as gigantomastia or breast hypertrophy) and is similarly considered to be pathological.[5][6][7] Mammoplasia may be due to breast engorgement, which is temporary enlargement of the breasts caused by the production and storage of breast milk in association with lactation and/or galactorrhea (excessive or inappropriate production of milk).[8] Mastodynia (breast tenderness/pain) frequently co-occurs with mammoplasia.[9][10]

Mammoplasia can be an effect or side effect of various drugs, including estrogens,[2][11] antiandrogens such as spironolactone,[12] cyproterone acetate,[13] bicalutamide,[14][15] and finasteride,[16][17] growth hormone,[18][19] and drugs that elevate prolactin levels such as D2 receptor antagonists like antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone), metoclopramide, and domperidone[20][21] and certain antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).[21][22][23] The risk appears to be less with serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like venlafaxine.[24] The "atypical" antidepressants mirtazapine and bupropion do not increase prolactin levels (bupropion may actually decrease prolactin levels), and hence there may be no risk with these agents.[20] Other drugs that have been associated with mammoplasia include D-penicillamine, bucillamine, neothetazone (neotizide/thiacetazone), indinavir, ciclosporin, marijuana, and cimetidine.[6][25]

A 1997 study found an association between the SSRIs and mammoplasia in 23 (39%) of its 59 female participants.[24] Studies have also found associations between SSRIs and galactorrhea.[22][26][27][28] These side effects seem to be due to hyperprolactinemia (elevated prolactin levels) induced by these drugs, an effect that appears to be caused by serotonin-mediated inhibition of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons that inhibit prolactin secretion.[24][26][27] It is noteworthy that the mammoplasia these drugs can cause has been found to be highly correlated with concomitant weight gain (in the 1997 study, 83% of those who experienced weight gain also experienced mammoplasia, while only 30% of those who did not experience weight gain experienced mammoplasia).[24] The mammoplasia associated with SSRIs is reported to be reversible with drug discontinuation.[28] SSRIs have notably been associated with a modestly increased risk of breast cancer.[29] This is in accordance with the fact that higher prolactin levels have been associated with increased breast cancer risk.[30][31]

In puberty induction with hormone replacement therapy (HRT), in HRT for trans women, and in hormonal breast enhancement, mammoplasia may be a desired effect.[32][33]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Nathanson, Ira T. (1946). "Present Concepts of Benign Breast Disease". New England Journal of Medicine 235 (15): 548–553. doi:10.1056/NEJM194610102351505. ISSN 0028-4793.
  2. 1 2 Ismail Jatoi; Manfred Kaufmann (11 February 2010). Management of Breast Diseases. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-3-540-69743-5.
  3. ↑ Nagrath Arun; Malhotra Narendra; Seth Shikha (15 December 2012). Progress in Obstetrics and Gynecology--3. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 393–394. ISBN 978-93-5090-575-3.
  4. 1 2 Ora Hirsch Pescovitz; Erica A. Eugster (2004). Pediatric Endocrinology: Mechanisms, Manifestations, and Management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 349–. ISBN 978-0-7817-4059-3.
  5. ↑ Arnold G. Coran; Anthony Caldamone; N. Scott Adzick; Thomas M. Krummel; Jean-Martin Laberge; Robert Shamberger (25 January 2012). Pediatric Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 773–. ISBN 0-323-09161-X.
  6. 1 2 David J. Dabbs (2012). Breast Pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 19–. ISBN 1-4377-0604-5.
  7. ↑ J.P. Lavery; J.S. Sanfilippo (6 December 2012). Pediatric and Adolescent Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-1-4612-5064-7.
  8. ↑ G. P. TALWAR; L .M. SRIVASTAVA (1 January 2002). TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND HUMAN BIOLOGY. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 959–. ISBN 978-81-203-1965-3.
  9. ↑ Christoph Zink (1 January 1988). Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 152–. ISBN 978-3-11-085727-6.
  10. ↑ Michael Heinrich Seegenschmiedt; Hans-Bruno Makoski; Klaus-Rüdiger Trott; Luther W. Brady (15 April 2009). Radiotherapy for Non-Malignant Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 719–. ISBN 978-3-540-68943-0. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  11. ↑ Robert Alan Lewis (23 March 1998). Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology. CRC Press. pp. 470–. ISBN 978-1-56670-223-2.
  12. ↑ Jeffrey K. Aronson (2 March 2009). Meyler's Side Effects of Cardiovascular Drugs. Elsevier. pp. 255–. ISBN 978-0-08-093289-7.
  13. ↑ Elizabeth Martin (28 May 2015). Concise Medical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-0-19-968781-7.
  14. ↑ Patrick C. Walsh; Janet Farrar Worthington (31 August 2010). Dr. Patrick Walsh's Guide to Surviving Prostate Cancer, Second Edition. Grand Central Publishing. pp. 258–. ISBN 978-1-4555-0016-1.
  15. ↑ Harvey B. Simon (3 February 2004). The Harvard Medical School Guide to Men's Health: Lessons from the Harvard Men's Health Studies. Simon and Schuster. pp. 403–. ISBN 978-0-684-87182-0.
  16. ↑ Jeffrey K. Aronson (21 February 2009). Meyler's Side Effects of Endocrine and Metabolic Drugs. Elsevier. pp. 155–. ISBN 978-0-08-093292-7.
  17. ↑ Jacqueline Burchum; Laura Rosenthal (2 December 2014). Lehne's Pharmacology for Nursing Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 802–. ISBN 978-0-323-34026-7.
  18. ↑ Sat Dharam Kaur (2003). The Complete Natural Medicine Guide to Breast Cancer: A Practical Manual for Understanding, Prevention & Care. R. Rose. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-7788-0083-5.
  19. ↑ Souza, Flavio Moutinho; Collett-Solberg, Paulo Ferrez (2011). "Adverse effects of growth hormone replacement therapy in children". Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 55 (8): 559–565. doi:10.1590/S0004-27302011000800009. ISSN 0004-2730.
  20. 1 2 Torre DL, Falorni A (2007). "Pharmacological causes of hyperprolactinemia". Ther Clin Risk Manag 3 (5): 929–51. PMC 2376090. PMID 18473017.
  21. 1 2 Madhusoodanan, Subramoniam; Parida, Suprit; Jimenez, Carolina (2010). "Hyperprolactinemia associated with psychotropics-a review". Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 25 (4): 281–297. doi:10.1002/hup.1116. ISSN 0885-6222.
  22. 1 2 Jeffrey A. Lieberman; Allan Tasman (16 May 2006). Handbook of Psychiatric Drugs. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-0-470-02821-6.
  23. ↑ Kaufman, K. R.; Podolsky, D.; Greenman, D.; Madraswala, R. (2013). "Antidepressant-Selective Gynecomastia". Annals of Pharmacotherapy 47 (1): e6–e6. doi:10.1345/aph.1R491. ISSN 1060-0280.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Amsterdam JD, Garcia-España F, Goodman D, Hooper M, Hornig-Rohan M (1997). "Breast enlargement during chronic antidepressant therapy". J Affect Disord 46 (2): 151–6. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00086-4. PMID 9479619.
  25. ↑ Dancey, Anne; Khan, M.; Dawson, J.; Peart, F. (2008). "Gigantomastia – a classification and review of the literature". Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 61 (5): 493–502. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.10.041. ISSN 1748-6815.
  26. 1 2 Coker F, Taylor D (2010). "Antidepressant-induced hyperprolactinaemia: incidence, mechanisms and management". CNS Drugs 24 (7): 563–74. doi:10.2165/11533140-000000000-00000. PMID 20527996.
  27. 1 2 Mondal, S.; Saha, I.; Das, S.; Ganguly, A.; Das, D.; Tripathi, S. K. (2013). "A new logical insight and putative mechanism behind fluoxetine-induced amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea in a case series". Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 3 (6): 322–334. doi:10.1177/2045125313490305. ISSN 2045-1253.
  28. 1 2 Benjamin Sadock (26 November 2013). Kaplan & Sadock's Pocket Handbook of Psychiatric Drug Treatment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 312–. ISBN 978-1-4698-5538-7.
  29. ↑ Boursi B, Lurie I, Mamtani R, Haynes K, Yang YX (2015). "Anti-depressant therapy and cancer risk: A nested case-control study". Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 25: 1147–57. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.010. PMID 25934397.
  30. ↑ Hankinson, S. E.; Willett, W. C.; Michaud, D. S.; Manson, J. E.; Colditz, G. A.; Longcope, C.; Rosner, B.; Speizer, F. E. (1999). "Plasma Prolactin Levels and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 91 (7): 629–634. doi:10.1093/jnci/91.7.629. ISSN 0027-8874.
  31. ↑ Tworoger, S. S. (2004). "Plasma Prolactin Concentrations and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer". Cancer Research 64 (18): 6814–6819. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1870. ISSN 0008-5472.
  32. ↑ de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM (2007). "Introduction and management of puberty in girls". Horm. Res. 68 Suppl 5: 80–3. doi:10.1159/000110584. PMID 18174716.
  33. ↑ Hartmann BW, Laml T, Kirchengast S, Albrecht AE, Huber JC (1998). "Hormonal breast augmentation: prognostic relevance of insulin-like growth factor-I". Gynecol. Endocrinol. 12 (2): 123–7. doi:10.3109/09513599809024960. PMID 9610425.
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