Steppe mammoth
| Steppe mammoth Temporal range: Mid Pleistocene | |
|---|---|
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| Skeleton | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Proboscidea |
| Family: | Elephantidae |
| Genus: | Mammuthus |
| Species: | M. trogontherii |
| Binomial name | |
| Mammuthus trogontherii Pohlig, 1885 [1] | |
| Synonyms | |
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The steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii or Mammuthus armeniacus) is an extinct species of Elephantidae that ranged over most of northern Eurasia during the Middle Pleistocene, 600,000-370,000 years ago. It probably evolved in Siberia during the early Pleistocene from Mammuthus meridionalis. It was the first stage in the evolution of the steppe and tundra elephants and an ancestor of the woolly mammoth of later glacial periods.
Taxonomy
There is confusion about the correct taxicological name for the Steppe Mammoth, either Mammuthus armeniacus (Falconer 1857) or Mammuthus trogontherii (Pohlig 1885). Falconer used material from Asian sources while Pohlig worked with fossil remains from Europe and both names appear in scientific publications, adding to the confusion. A first taxonomical overhaul was done by Maglio 1973[2] who decided that both names were synonyms, armeniacus being the older, hence the preferred name. However, in Shoshoni & Tassy 1996[3] it was decided that the description of Pohlig prevailed, and consequently the correct name for the steppe mammoth is M. trogontherii. It is unclear if both forms are indeed identical and authors tend to use the name M. trogontherii for European material and M. armeniacus for Asian remains.
Several Japanese mammoth varieties from the early Pleistocene have been named, but all are now thought to be synonyms of M. trogontherii.[4]
Description
The steppe mammoth had a short skull compared to M. meridionalis as well as a smaller jaw. The males had spiral tusks with a recurved tip that could grow as long as 5.2 metres (17 ft) in old bulls, females on the other side had thinner and slightly curved tusks.
With several individuals reaching 4 m (13 ft) tall at the shoulders[5] it is smaller than the largest proboscideans to have ever lived (Palaeoloxodon namadicus reached 22 tonnes and shoulder height of 5 metres (16 ft)), but was larger than other mammoths. A skeleton mounted on the Azov Museum reaches 4.5 m (15 ft) at the shoulder though this figure might be overestimated because the vertebrae have been placed between the tips of the shoulder blades.[6] Another individual represented by a single humerus 1.46 m (4.8 ft) long[7] found in Mosbach Sande, Germany is estimated to have an in the flesh shoulder height of 4.5 m (15 ft), weighed between 9–10 metric tons (9.9–11.0 short tons) and might be the largest mammoth found yet.[8] Another estimate gives a shoulder height of 3.89–4.5 m (12.8–14.8 ft) and a weight of 10.4–14.3 metric tons (11.5–15.8 short tons) for the species.[7]
Discovery
Fossilized teeth are recovered, but skeletal parts are rare. The most complete skeleton of a steppe mammoth yet found was discovered in 1996 in Kikinda, Serbia. It has recently been mounted and put on display. The specimen is a female, which was about 3.7 metres (12 ft) high, 7 metres (23 ft) in length and with 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) long tusks[9] an estimated mass of 7 tonnes when alive.
Another quite complete steppe mammoth was excavated in the cliffs of West Runton in Norfolk, UK; it preserves its jaws and teeth but is missing the upper part of its skull. A rare skull found in Auvergne, France, in 2008 will be examined by Dick Mol and Frédéric Lacombat in the Musée Crozatier in Le Puy-en-Velay.[10]
In 1959 Zhou, M. Z described what he called a new species of mammoth, M. sungari,[11] that gained recent notoriety as the largest proboscidean due to a 5.3 metres (17 ft) tall and 9.1 metres (30 ft) long composite skeletal mount based on two individuals found in 1980. However, Wei et al. (2010), who restudied the fossils referred to M sungari, considered this species to be a junior synonym of M. trogontherii. The authors state that some of the fossils are referrable to M. trogontherii, while the others can be referred to M. primigenius, according to morphological characters and measurements.[12]
See also
Further reading
- Benes, Josef: Prehistoric Animals and Plants, Pg. 271. Prague, Artua: 1979.
- Jordi Augusti and Mauricio Anton: Mammoths, Sabertooths and Hominids 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe, Columbia University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-231-11640-3
- Lister, Adrian und Bahn, Paul: Mammuts - Riesen der Eiszeit, Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen 1997. ISBN 3-7995-9050-1
- Mol, Dick and Lacombat, Frédéric (2010). Mammoths & Mastodons of Haute-Loire. Drukware. pp. 271. ISBN 2-911794-97-4. (English and French)
References
- ↑ Todd, N. E. (January 2010). "New Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family Elephantidae Based on Cranial-Dental Morphology". The Anatomical Record (Wiley-Liss, Inc.) 293 (1): 74–90. doi:10.1002/ar.21010.
- ↑ Maglio VJ. 1973. Origin and evolution of the elephantidae. Trans Am Philos Soc 633:1–149.
- ↑ Shoshoni, J., & Tassy, P., (eds.), 1996: The Proboscidea - Evolution and paleontology of elephants and their relatives. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ http://books.google.dk/books?id=JmSsNuwMAxgC&pg=PA240&lpg=PA240&dq=Mammuthus+paramammonteus&source=bl&ots=I5yAf1mM-0&sig=PLJyKaYJmfMxf8ECP9ZEHuAgqkY&hl=da&sa=X&ei=lb7XUN-fG4jOtAaQ34G4Ag&ved=0CGUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Mammuthus%20paramammonteus&f=false
- ↑ Tikhonov, Alexei; Burlakov, Yuri (2008). "Causes of Northern Giants' Extinction". Science in Russia (Moscow: Nauka) (2): 48–53. ISSN 0869-7078. OCLC 28131825.
- ↑ "Fossil proboscideans from The Netherlands, the North Sea and the Oosterschelde Estuary" (PDF). Mammoths and the mammoth fauna: Studies of an extinct ecosystem. Deinsea. May 17, 1999. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
|first1=missing|last1=in Authors list (help) - 1 2 Larramendi, A. (2015). "Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60. doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014.
- ↑ Osborn, H. F. (1942). Proboscidea, Vol. II. New York: The American Museum Press.
- ↑ Milivojevic, Milos (2011). "Excavation, reconstruction and conservation of steppe elephant from the clay pit of the building material factory "Toza Markovic" at Kikinda (Serbia)" (PDF). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, 2011, 4: 51-64. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ↑ Rincon, Paul (2 September 2008). "'Rare' mammoth skull discovered". BBC News. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
- ↑ Zhou, M.Z., 1959. Proboscidea. In: Pleistocene mammalian fossils from the northeastern provinces: 22-34, pls. 6-15. Edited by Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
- ↑ GuangBiao Wei, SongMei Hu, KeFu Yu, YaMei Hou, Xin Li, ChangZhu Jin, Yuan Wang, JianXin Zhao, WenHua Wang; Hu; Yu; Hou; Li; Jin; Wang; Zhao; Wang (2010). "New materials of the steppe mammoth, Mammuthus trogontherii, with discussion on the origin and evolutionary patterns of mammoths". Science China Earth Sciences 53 (7): 956–963. doi:10.1007/s11430-010-4001-4.