Manihiki
|
NASA picture of Manihiki | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Central-Southern Pacific Ocean |
| Coordinates | 10°24′S 161°00′W / 10.400°S 161.000°W |
| Archipelago | Cook Islands |
| Total islands | 43 |
| Major islands | Tauhunu, Tukao |
| Area | 4 km2 (1.5 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| Demographics | |
| Ethnic groups | Nu-matua, Tia-ngaro-tonga |
Manihiki is an island in the Cook Islands known as the Island of Pearls. It is a triangular atoll 1,160 kilometres (720 mi) north of Rarotonga. About 500 people live on the island, which is approximately 4 square kilometers in area.
History
Polynesians are believed to have lived on Manihiki since at least 900 or 1000 AD. Kupe was the first to explore Aotearoa. Kupe came from Manihiki, also known as Fakahotu Nui, or Niiva Nui. His canoe was named by the ancient name of Tukao Village known as Te Matafourua. On his return from Aotearoa he renamed the Marae in the Village of Tukao (Te Matafourua) Te Puna Ruki o Toi Tu Rahui Te Rautea as Te Hono O Kupe Ki Aotea, shortened as Te Marae Hono. The only food available on the island at the time was coconut. This meant that inhabitants traveled by boat between Manihiki and the nearby atoll Rakahanga to obtain food.
It is believed that Pedro Fernandes de Queirós discovered the island in 1606 and called it Gente Hermosa (Beautiful People). However, on 13 October 1822, when it was sighted by the U.S. ship Good Hope it was named Humphrey Island by captain Patrickson. In 1928 the whale ship Ganges spotted the island and named it Great Ganges Island, as other whale ships named it Liderous, Gland, Sarah Scott and pescado. Despite repeated renaming by explorers, the island now retains its aboriginal name. The name has two possible meanings: It's believed that the original name of the island was Manuhiki, inspired by the aboriginal discovers Manu coming from the word Rua Manu (a kind of canoe) and Hiki meaning ashore, so the literal translation would be canoe carried ashore. The second interpretation is that the original discoverers were from Manihi, an island in Tuamotus, so the name of the island would mean Little Manihi.
In 1889, a portion of the population opposed missionaries and made an agreement with the French stationed in Tahiti to annex the island. In response a ship was sent but the missionaries on Manihiki hoisted the British Flag, causing the ship to return to Tahiti without coming ashore.
On August 9, 1889 the island was proclaimed a British protectorate by Commander A. C. Clarke, captain of the HMS Espiegle. On the request of the Rarotongan Ariki, Manihiki was included in New Zealand's boundaries in 1901.
In August 1963, a small boat, the Tearoha, set sail from Manihiki to Rakahanga for food. On leaving Rakahanga on 15 August 1963, the boat was blown off course in a storm, and eventually came to land again on 17 October 1963, at Erromango in Vanuatu. Four of the seven men on board survived to arrive at Erromango, but one of them died soon after. Teehu Makimare, of Tauhunu village, was later awarded the gold medal of the Royal Humane Society of New Zealand for his leadership and courage in this epic unintended voyage. The story has been told in Barry Wynne's book, The Man Who Refused to Die.
One of the Survivor: Cook Islands tribes was named Manihiki, but was dissolved soon after its formation.
The island had been claimed by the United States in 1822 but in 1980 the U.S. signed a treaty with the Cook Islands in which it recognized Cook Island sovereignty over Manihiki and three other islands.[1]
Geography
Manihiki sits atop an underwater mountain rising 4000 m above the ocean floor. Its stunning 10 km-wide lagoon is laced with 43 tiny motu (islets), which are strung along the reef. The reef provides excellent swimming and snorkeling among colourful tropical fish and coral.
Diving is a major attraction at the island. Visitors are allowed to snorkel or free-dive but not scuba dive without a permit. Visitors can obtain a permit at the administration office either from the Island Secretary or the Mayor or the Deputy Mayor. There is good fishing in the open waters beyond the reef, including catches of Yellow-fin Tuna and Flying fish.
The island is renowned for its black pearls and there are pearl farms dotted around the lagoon. The largest farm maintains some 250,000 oysters for pearl production. Tours of the farms can be arranged where the pearl cultivation process is explained and demonstrations of oyster pearl seeding or pearl harvesting is performed.
Tauhunu, on the western coast, is known for its pearl carvers and the Fare Ariki. Fare Ariki was built in the 1980s which and survived the Cyclone Martin which struck the island in November 1997. Flying time to the island is about four hours, and there is a flight every Thursday from Rarotonga.
People & Culture
Villages
| Historical population | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1849 | 1,200 | — |
| 1906 | 521 | −56.6% |
| 1911 | 444 | −14.8% |
| 1916 | 493 | +11.0% |
| 1921 | 432 | −12.4% |
| 1996 | 662 | +53.2% |
| 2008 | 468 | −29.3% |
| Source:"Ethnology of Manihiki and Rakahanga". New Zealand Electronic Text Centre. | ||
There are two villages: the larger village is Tauhunu which is on the Islet of Tauhunu on the western rim of the atoll. The second village, Tukao and also known in the olden days as Te Matafourua, is at the northern tip of Ngake or Te Paeroa motu, which runs along the northern-eastern side of the atoll. The island is politically controlled by the Island Councils and a Mayor elected every three years by the people.
Tribes
The atoll is inhabited by two Fakaheo tribes, the Matakeinanga and Tukufare. Each tribe has 7 subtribes or groups:
| Matakeinanga | Tukufare |
|---|---|
| Nu-matua |
|
| Tia-ngaro-Tonga |
|
In February 2009, the mayor of Manihiki, Kora Kora, stated that the world economic crisis had driven up the price of essential goods to such an extent that it was provoking significant emigration to New Zealand and Australia. He said that the population of Manihiki at that stage was just 280.[3]
The languages spoken on the island are Rakahanga-Manihiki and English.
References
- ↑ Discoverers of the Cook Islands and the Names They Gave – 4. Manihiki
- ↑ Pearl Oyster Information Bulletins
- ↑ "Manihiki in the Cooks faces population loss as economy wanes". Radio New Zealand International. 2 February 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
External links
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Manihiki, information and pictures
- 40 islets mapped and listed by name
- "Manihiki". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
| ||||||||||||||||
Coordinates: 10°24′S 161°00′W / 10.400°S 161.000°W