March Incident
The March Incident (三月事件 Sangatsu Jiken) was an abortive coup d'état attempt in Japan, in March 1931, launched by the radical Sakurakai secret society within the Imperial Japanese Army, aided by civilian ultranationalist groups.
Background and History
The start of the March Incident of 1931 may be traced back to the autumn of 1930, when the foundation of the Sakurakai (Cherry Society) by Imperial Japanese Army Lieutenant Colonel Kingoro Hashimoto and Captain Isamu Chō. The cherry blossom was symbolic of self-sacrifice, and was a symbol used by the military to symbolize the fleeting life of a soldier. The avowed goal of the Sakurakai was political reform through elimination of corrupt party politics and the establishment of a totalitarian state socialist government run by the military. The new government would rid the country of corrupt politics, unfair distribution of wealth in the zaibatsu and perceived degenerative influences corrupting Japan's public morals.[1]
After the attempted assassination of Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi, Prince Kinmochi Saionji (the last genrō ) and Lord Privy Seal Makino Nobuaki considered recommending General Kazushige Ugaki to the post of prime minister. However, they later decided that a civilian nominee would be best for Japan at the time. This change incensed the militarist party within the Imperial Japanese Army, and several leading generals called on Hashimoto and his Sakurakai to plan a coup d'état to bring Ugaki into power.[2]
Hashimoto's plan involved a three-phase program:[3]
1. Massive riots would be instigated in Tokyo, which would force the government to call-out troops and proclaim martial law.
2. The Imperial Japanese Army would execute a coup d'état and seize power.
3. A new Cabinet would be formed under the premiership of the then-War Minister, General Kazushige Ugaki.
The project was underwritten by a 200,000 Yen donation by Yoshichika Tokugawa, ultrarightist member of the House of Peers, son of the last daimyo of Nagoya, founder of the Tokugawa Art Museum, Nagoya and Emperor Showa's second cousin.
Ultrarightist civilian organizations led by Kanichiro Kamei and Shūmei Ōkawa, fomented a commotion outside the Diet Building in Tokyo late in February 1931. However, due to logistics difficulties, the disturbance failed to attract enough people, and the hoped-for riot failed to occur. Hashimoto consulted with Ōkawa, who wrote Ugaki on 3 March 1931, explaining the plot and demanding the call-out of troops and action on the general's part. Ugaki, either lukewarm from the start, or having a change in heart after seeing the failure of the riot to take off in February, refused to cooperate. Ugaki had hopes of becoming head of the Rikken Minseitō party, and thus had a chance of becoming prime minister by legal means, rather than a coup. It is also likely that Ugaki foresaw that a military dictatorship would alienate powerful sectors of the Japanese elite (bureaucrats, court nobles, zaibatsu industrialists, etc.) whose support he would need in case of a total war.[2]
The plotters attempted again to start a riot again on 17 March 1931 (two days before the planned coup d'état was to take place), but again the projected 10,000 rioters failed to materialize, and the leaders were this time arrested and the whole affair disintegrated.
Consequences
Ugaki intervened to hush up the whole collapsed affair, and ensured that the plotters received very mild punishments.[4] This had the end result of encouraging more attempts by elements of the military to intervene in politics, and was also to taint Ugaki's bid for the office of prime minister in the future. Undeterred by his failure, Hashimoto attempted to overthrow the government again only seven months later in the Imperial Colors Incident of October 1931.
References
- Harries, Meirion (1994). Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. Random House; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-679-75303-6.
- Kiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10098-1.
- Samuels, Richard J. (2005). Machiavelli's Children: Leaders And Their Legacies In Italy And Japan. page: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8982-2.
- Sims, Richard (2001). Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868-2000. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-23915-7.
