Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 BC)

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Statue of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in the City Hall of Reggio Emilia, which he founded.
Consul of the Roman Republic
In office 189 BC – 189 BC
Preceded by	Gaius Livius Salinator and Marcus Valerius Messalla
Succeeded by	Quintus Marcius Philippus and Spurius Postumius Albinus
Consul of the Roman Republic
In office 175 BC – 175 BC
Preceded by	Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Hispallus and Quintus Petillius
Succeeded by	Spurius Postumius Albinus Paullulus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola
Pontifex Maximus
In office 180 BC – 152 BC
Preceded by	Publius Licinius Crassus
Succeeded by	Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica
Personal details
Born	c. 230 BC Rome, Roman Republic
Died	152 BC Rome
Religion	Roman Paganism

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (c. 230 – 152 BC) was a twice Roman consul, Pontifex Maximus, Censor and Princeps Senatus. A scion of the ancient Patrician gens Aemilia, he was most likely the son of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, with his brothers being Lucius and Quintus.^[1][2]

According to Polybius, Lepidus was 'the handsomest man of his time,' as well as, in the words of Diodorus, being 'gifted with superior intelligence'.^[3][4] Combining these qualities with an impeccable aristocratic birth, political skill and a reputation for bravery, Lepidus soon rose to become one of the leading Romans of his generation.

He was the great-grandfather of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the Triumvir.^[5]

Early life

Although he was only 15 at the time of the Battle of Cannae in the 2nd Punic War, it was nevertheless then that Lepidus first distinguished himself. If not at fateful Cannae itself, then in one of the battles closely following it, the young Lepidus rushed into the fight and saved the life of one of his countrymen by killing his assailant. For this act of gallantry, the Senate ordered an equestrian statue of the young man erected on the Capitoline to commemorate the deed.^[6] It was a remarkable honour for one so young and one that marked Lepidus out for the future greatness he would achieve.

Later that year, 216 BC, Lepidus' father, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, who had been an augur and twice consul, died and Marcus and his two brothers staged funeral games for three days in his honour.^[7]

Eastern Missions

In 201 BC, Lepidus and two colleagues were sent as ambassadors by the Senate to King Ptolemy of Egypt, both to announce Rome's victory over Carthage and ensure that Rome's alliance with Egypt would continue through the coming war with Philip of Macedon, which the Romans were preparing for.^[8] Ptolemy was still only a young boy at this time and there is a tradition that Lepidus for a time acted himself during his stay in Egypt as the King's guardian and for a time governed the country. This appeal to Rome for the Senate to send a regent to them was, according to Justin, made by the Egyptians themselves.^[9]

At this time also, while in Alexandria, Lepidus sailed to meet personally with Philip while the King was besieging Abydus, in an attempt to persuade him to lift the siege and abandon his attacks on Pergamum and the Rhodians, who had appealed to Rome.^[10] Lepidus delivered a message from the Senate that Philip of Macedon must cease from making war on any other Greeks and agree to pay compensation to Attalus of Pergamum and Rhodes for any damage caused. If Philip would not agree to these terms then he and Macedon would soon find themselves at war with Rome.^[11] Rejecting the demands and saying that he was ready for war, Philip took the city and Lepidus departed. The result of the King's refusal of Lepidus' terms was the outbreak of the Second Macedonian War.

Attempts at the Consulship

In 193 BC, he served as Curule Aedile along with his kinsman Lucius Aemilius Paullus, during which time the two Aemilii constructed two new porticoes, or arcades, in Rome, one of them being the Porticus Aemilia.^[12]

Elected as Praetor in 192 BC, Lepidus served his term from 191 and into 190 as governor of Sicily.^[13] Due to the ongoing war between Rome and Antiochus in the East, Lepidus was charged with the defence of the island from attack as well as ensuring that one-fifth of all the corn produced was sent to support the armies campaigning in Greece.^[14]

In 190 BC, Lepidus left Sicily early before his term as governor had expired without first asking the permission of the Senate to do so and hastened back to Rome in order to stand in the consular elections.^[15] This, however, counted against him and made him unpopular with the people as he was accused of abandoning his province and responsibilities in order to satisfy personal ambition. Following the vote, only one candidate, Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, a rival of Lepidus, had achieved the required majority, but that still meant that the other consulship was vacant. However, the following day, Nobilior co-opted the candidate who had come second, Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, as his colleague and the two assumed the Consulship for 189 BC. Lepidus had polled third out of the four candidates, behind Manlius but ahead of Marcus Valerius Messalla.^[16] This humiliating defeat for the aristocratic Patrician Lepidus, who likely saw the consulship as his birthright, further embittered a hatred that had already existed between him and Nobilior.

The following year, in 189 BC, he again stood as a candidate for the consulship. Nobilior, however, returned to Rome to conduct and oversee the elections and he used his position to prevent any votes being cast for Lepidus, his personal enemy. As a result, although this time unfairly, Lepidus once more suffered the humiliation of defeat in the elections and could justly blame Nobilior. Instead, Marcus Valerius Messalla, who the previous year had polled behind Lepidus, and Gaius Livius Salinator were elected consul.

For the third successive time, Lepidus stood as a consular candidate in 188 BC, and this time he was successful and was elected consul with Gaius Flaminius as his colleague.^[17]

Consulship

In 187 BC, Lepidus was at last consul, and, as he and Flaminius assumed office, word reached the Senate that the Ligurians were preparing to make war on Rome. The threat of attack so close to Rome made the Senate take the matter seriously and it quickly decreed that both Consuls should have Liguria assigned as their joint-province and command.^[18] Lepidus opposed this, protesting that Nobilior and Manlius were still acting like Kings in the East even though their terms had expired and yet the Senate still intended to confine both Consuls to Liguria without recalling or replacing either of the two Eastern commanders. Either Nobilior and Manlius should be replaced, or their armies should be disbanded and they return to Rome.^[19] The Senate agreed to recall Nobilior and Manlius from the East, but reiterated its decision that both Lepidus and Gaius Flaminius were to take command in Liguria.

The First Man in Rome

From 180 BC onwards, he was pontifex maximus and from 179 BC, he was princeps senatus. That same year he was also elected censor. In 175 BC, he was elected consul for the second time.^[20] He oversaw construction of the Via Aemilia in 187 BC, a Roman road from the town of Piacenza to Rimini, still in use and one of the most important roads in Northern Italy. He established the Roman colonies of Parma and Modena and gave his name to the Roman castrum of Regium Lepidi (today Reggio Emilia).

References

1. Weigel (1992), 7.
2. Livy, 23.30.16
3. Diodorus Siculus, 29.27
4. Polybius, 16.34.6
5. Weigel (1992), Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir, pg7.
6. Valerius Maximus, 3.1.1
7. Livy, 23.30.16
8. Livy, 31.2
9. Justin, 30.2 - 30.3
10. Livy, 31.18
11. Polybius, 16.34
12. Livy, 35.10
13. Livy, 36.2
14. Livy, 36.2
15. Livy, 37.47
16. Livy, 37.47
17. Livy, 38.42
18. Livy, 38.42
19. Livy, 38.42
20. About his political career: Broughton, T. Robert S.: The Magistrates Of The Roman Republic. Vol. 1: 509 B.C. - 100 B.C.. Cleveland, Ohio: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1951. Reprint 1968. (Philological Monographs. Edited by the American Philological Association. vol. 15, part 1), 191 BC = p. 352, 187 BC = p. 367-370, 175BC = p. 401

• Livy. Periochae
• Ronald Syme. The Augustan Aristocracy. Oxford, 1986