Martin X-23 PRIME

X-23 PRIME
Preserved X-23 PRIME at USAF Museum, Dayton, Ohio
Role	Lifting body
Manufacturer	Martin Marietta
First flight	21 December 1966
Retired	19 April 1967
Status	Out of service
Primary user	United States Air Force
Number built	3
Variants	Martin Marietta X-24A

The Martin X-23A PRIME (Precision Reentry Including Maneuvering reEntry) was a small lifting body re-entry vehicle tested by the United States Air Force in the mid-1960s. Unlike ASSET, primarily used for structural and heating research, the X-23 PRIME was developed to study the effects of maneuvering during re-entry of Earth's atmosphere, including cross-range maneuvers up to 710 statute miles (1143 km) off of the ballistic track.

Design

Each X-23 was constructed from titanium, beryllium, stainless steel, and aluminium. The craft consisted of two sections — the aft main structure and a removable forward "glove section." The structure was completely covered with a Martin-developed ablative heat shield 20 to 70 mm (¾ to 2¾ inches) thick, and the nose cap was constructed of carbon phenolic material.

Aerodynamic control was provided by a pair of 12-inch (30 cm) square lower flaps, and fixed upper flaps and rudders. A nitrogen gas reaction control system was used outside the atmosphere. At Mach 2 a drogue ballute deployed and slowed the vehicle's descent. As it deployed, its cable sliced the upper structure of the main equipment bay, allowing a 47-foot (16.4 m) recovery chute to deploy. It would then be recovered in midair by a specially-equipped JC-130B Hercules aircraft.

Flight testing

The first PRIME vehicle was launched from Vandenberg AFB on 21 December 1966 atop an Atlas launch vehicle. This mission simulated a low Earth orbit reentry with a zero cross-range. The ballute deployed at 99,850 feet (30.43 km), though the recovery parachute failed to completely deploy. The vehicle crashed into the Pacific Ocean.

The second vehicle was launched on 5 March 1967. This flight simulated a 654-mile (1053-kilometre) cross-range reentry, and banking at hypersonic speeds. The recovery parachute deployed properly, and was located by two of the deployed recovery aircraft. During an inspection fly-by of the descending parachute system it was seen that reefing cutters had failed to actuate. These cutters are on the harness suspending the vehicle from the parachute to ensure stability of the vehicle behind the JC-130B recovery aircraft during reel-in, and permit safely boarding the vehicle. Perforce, the parachute and vehicle were allowed to descend to the sea. Subsequently, the vehicle separated from its flotation "balloon" in the rough seas and, with the parachute, sank before a nearby range ship could arrive to retrieve it from the ocean.

The final PRIME mission was flown on 19 April 1967, and simulated reentry from low Earth orbit with a 710-mile (1143-kilometre) cross-range. This time, all systems performed perfectly, and the X-23 was successfully recovered. An inspection by a USAF-Martin team reported the craft "ready to fly again," although no later missions were carried out. The third X-23 is now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio.

Specifications (X-23)

General characteristics

• Crew: None
• Length: 6 ft 9 in (2.07 m)
• Wingspan: 3 ft 10 in (1.16 m)
• Height: 2 ft 1 in (0.64 m)
• Loaded weight: 890 lb (405 kg)
• Powerplant: × Nitrogen gas reaction control thrusters

Performance

• Maximum speed: Mach 25
• Range: 710 miles (1,143 km)
  
• Hypersonic L/D Ratio: 1:1

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Molniya BOR-4
ASSET

References

• Dennis R. Jenkins, Tony Landis, Jay Miller: AMERICAN X-VEHICLES An Inventory—X-1 to X-50, Monographs in Aerospace History No. 31, SP-2003-4531, June 2003 (PDF)

External links

• Encyclopedia Astronautica
• Video Atlas X-38 Prototype Arrival (PRIME/X-23), Unloading, Mating and Launch