Masafumi Arima

Masafumi Arima
Vice Admiral Masafumi Arima
Native name	有馬 正文
Born	September 25, 1895 Hioki, Kagoshima, Japan
Died	October 15, 1944 (aged 49)[1] between Taiwan and the Philippines
Allegiance	Empire of Japan
Service/branch	Imperial Japanese Navy
Years of service	1915-1944
Rank	Vice Admiral
Commands held	Kamikawa maru, Shōkaku 26th Air Flotilla
Battles/wars	World War II Guadalcanal campaign Battle of the Eastern Solomons Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands Naval Battle of Guadalcanal Aerial Battle of Taiwan-Okinawa

Masafumi Arima (有馬 正文 Arima Masafumi, 25 September 1895 – 15 October 1944) was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II. A pilot, he is sometimes credited with being the first to use the kamikaze attack, although official accounts may have been invented for propaganda purposes.

Biography

Arima was born in Ijuin village (present day Hioki city), Kagoshima prefecture. He graduated from the 43rd class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1915. He was ranked 33rd in a class of 96 cadets. As a midshipman, he was assigned to the cruiser Iwate on its 1915 long distance navigational training voyage from Sasebo to Chemulpo, Dairen, Chinkai, Maizuru and Toba. He stayed with Iwate on its cruise the following year to Hong Kong, Singapore, Fremantle, Melbourne, Sydney, Wellington, Auckland, Jaluit Atoll, Ponape, and Truk. On his return, he was commissioned as an ensign assigned to the battleship Shikishima.

As a lieutenant, he subsequently served on the destroyer Uzuki, battleship Suwo and Kongō, destroyer Ashi, cruiser Izumo, and battleship Hiei. He returned to school, graduating from the 26th class of Naval War College (Japan) in 1928 and was promoted to lieutenant commander. After serving as chief gunnery officer on the battleship Haruna and the cruiser Asama, Arima received his first command on 1 December 1937, the converted seaplane tender Kamikawa Maru. He was also promoted to captain the same day.

Arima oversaw several naval air force bases in Japan from 1938–1942, and was then posted as captain of the aircraft carrier Shōkaku on 25 May 1942. While on Shōkaku, he was in the Guadalcanal campaign, the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, and the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal.

Belleau Wood (left) and Franklin hit by kamikazes, 30 October 1944

Arima was promoted to rear admiral on 1 May 1943. He was given a combat command on 9 April 1944, and was assigned the 26th Air Flotilla, based at Clark Air Base, on Luzon, in the Philippines. After the Battle of Leyte Gulf, at some date between 13 October and 26 October (accounts vary), Arima personally led an air attack against U.S. Navy Task Force 38 in the Aerial Battle of Taiwan-Okinawa. Before taking off in a Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" twin-engine bomber, he allegedly removed his rank and other insignia, and declared his intention to not return alive. Although Arima indeed did not return, and some damage was caused to the Essex-class aircraft carrier USS Franklin, it is not clear that the damage was from a planned suicide attack, and some accounts state that none of Arima's formation reached their targets.

Another source claims that the first kamikaze attack happened a month earlier. On 12 September 1944, a group of Army pilots of the 31st Fighter Squadron located on Negros Island decided to launch a suicide attack the following morning. First Lieutenant Takeshi Kosai and another sergeant were selected. Strapping two 100 kg (220 lb) bombs onto two fighters, they took off on 13 September before dawn, determined to crash into aircraft carriers. They never returned, but there is no record of an enemy plane hitting an American ship on that day.^[2]

In the aftermath of the battle, however, Arima was officially credited by the Imperial Japanese Navy with introducing the use of the kamikaze attack, and he was publicized as a hero in the government-controlled Japanese press.

Arima was posthumously promoted to vice admiral. His grave is at the temple of Kozai-ji in his home town of Hioki, Kagoshima.

Notable positions held

• Vice-Chief Gunnery Officer, BB Haruna - 10 December 1928 – 5 September 1929
• Staff Officer, BatDiv 3–15 November 1932 – 20 May 1933
• Staff Officer, CruDiv 7–20 May 1933 – 15 November 1934
• Staff Officer, CruDiv 10–11 July 1937 – 20 October 1937
• Staff Officer, CruDiv 14–20 October 1937 – 1 December 1937
• Commanding Officer, CVS Kamikawa Maru - 1 December 1937 – 1 September 1938
• Commanding Officer, CV Shokaku - 25 May 1942 – 16 February 1943

Dates of promotions

• Midshipman - 16 December 1915
• Ensign - 1 December 1916
• Sublieutenant - 1 December 1918
• Lieutenant - 1 December 1921
• Lieutenant Commander - 1 December 1927
• Commander - 15 November 1933
• Captain - 1 December 1937
• Rear Admiral - 1 May 1944
• Vice Admiral - 15 October 1944 (posthumous promotion)

References

Books

• Inoguchi, Rikihei; Nakajima, Tadashi; Pineau, Roder (2002). The Divine Wind: Japan's Kamikaze Force in World War II. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-394-X.
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (2002). History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 14: Victory in the Pacific, 1945. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07065-8.
• Sheftall, M.G. (2005). Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze. NAL Caliber. ISBN 0-451-21487-0.
• Toland, John (1970). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945. Random House. ISBN 0-8129-6858-1.

External links

• Nishida, Hiroshi. "Materials of IJN: Arima, Masafumi". Imperial Japanese Navy. Retrieved 2007-08-03.

Footnotes

1. Nishida, Imperial Japanese Navy
2. John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945 p.568