Mauri people

The Roman Empire under Hadrian (ruled 117–138), showing the location of the Mauri

Eastern Hemisphere in 476 CE, showing the Mauri kingdoms after the fall of Rome.

Mauri (from which derives the English term "Moors") was the Latin designation for the population of Mauretania. It was located in the part of Africa west of Numidia, an area coextensive with present-day Morocco. Mauri (Μαῦροι) is recorded by Strabo, who wrote in the early 1st century, as the native name, which was also adopted into Latin, while he cites the Greek name for the same people as Maurusii (Μαυρούσιοι).^[1]

The name Mauri as a tribal confederation or generic ethnic desigator thus seems to roughly correspond to the people known as Numidians in earlier ethnography; both terms presumably group early Berber-speaking populations (the earliest Libyco-Berber epigraphy dates to about the 3rd century BC). In 44 AD, the Roman Empire incorporated the region as the province of Mauretania, later divided into Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Tingitana. The area around Carthage was already part of the province of Africa. Roman rule was effective enough so that these provinces became integrated into the empire.

Mauri raids into southern Iberia are mentioned as early as the reign of Nero in the Eclogues of Calpurnius Siculus: "Geryon's meads, a wealthy prize to tempt the fierce Moor's avarice, where Baetis huge, so legends say, rolls downward on his western way to find the shore."^[2] The Baetis is the modern Guadalquivir, so this poem implies Mauri raiding into Baetica in the first century CE. Mauri from the mountains beyond the border of the Roman Empire crossed the straits of Gibraltar to raid into the Roman province of Baetica, in what is today southern Spain, in the early 170s.^[3] Mauri raided Baetica again in the late 170s or 180s in the reign of Commodus. At that time they besieged the town of Singilia Barba, which was freed from the siege by the arrival of Roman troops from the province of Mauretania Tingitana, led by C. Vallius Maximianus.^[4]

By the early Christian era, the byname Mauritius identified anyone originating in Africa (the Maghreb), roughly corresponding to Berber populations. Two prominent "Mauritian" churchmen were Tertullian and St. Augustine. The 3rd-century Christian saint Mauritius, in whose honour the given name Maurice originated, was from Egypt.

When Aurelian marched against Zenobia in 272, his army included Moorish cavalry.^[5] The Notitia Dignitatum mentions Roman cavalry units called Equites Mauri, or Moorish cavalry. Many Mauri were enlisted in the Roman army and were well known as members of the comitatus, the emperor's mobile army, prior to the reign of Diocletian.^[6] Jones cites the record of a consular interrogation from Numidia in 320, in which a Latin grammarian named Victor stated that his father was a decurion in Contantina (modern Sirte), and his grandfather served in the comitatus, 'for our family is of Moorish origin'.^[7]

By the time of Diocletian, Moorish cavalry were no longer part of the mobile field army, but rather were stationed along the Persian and Danube borders. There was one regiment of Equites Mauri in "each of the six provinces from Mesopotamia to Arabia".^[8] The Mauri were part of a larger group called Equites Illyricani, indicating previous service in Illyricum.^[9]

While many Mauri were part of the Roman empire, others resisted Roman rule. Diocletian's co-emperor Maximian campaigned against the Mauri for two years in the late 290s. This may be the reason why the border legions of north Africa were reinforced in Diocletian's time with seven new legions spread through Tingitania, Tripolitania, Africa, Numidia, and the Mauritanias.^[10]

In the 370s, Mauri raided the Roman towns of North Africa. Theodosius the Elder campaigned against them in 372.^[11] A Moorish tribe called the Austoriani are specified as participating in these raids.^[12] According to Jones, who follows Ammianus Marcellinus, the raids into Tripolitania were caused by the "negligence and corruption of Romanus, the comes Africae ... in 372 Firmus, a Moorish chieftain with whom Romanus had quarrelled, raised a revolt, winning several Roman regiments to his side".^[13] Theodosius defeated the rebellion, but was executed shortly thereafter in Carthage.

Firmus' brother Gildo, also a Moorish chieftain, joined the Romans and helped defeat Firmus' revolt. As a reward, he was given the post of magister utriusque militiae per Africam, or master of foot soldiers and cavalry for Africa. ^[14] In 397 he broke his allegiance to the Western Empire, then under the control of the child emperor Honorius and his master of soldiers Stilicho. Gildo withheld the corn ships from Rome and sought alliance with Stilicho's enemy Eutropius in Constantinople, receiving ideological support but not troops or money. With the help of Mascezel, yet another brother of Gildo and Firmus, a force of 5000 men defeated Gildo and restored control over north Africa to the Western empire. Stilicho then saw to it that Mascezel was eliminated. To replace Gildo, Stilicho put his brother-in-law Bathanarius in charge of military affairs in Africa in 401.^[15]

After the fall of Rome, the Germanic kingdom of the Vandals ruled much of the area. Neither Vandal nor Byzantine could extend effective rule; the interior remained under Mauri (Berber) control.^[16] After the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, there seem to have been continued Mauri resistance for another 50 years.^[17] The Chronicle of 754 still mentions Mauri but by the High Middle Ages the endonym seems to have disappeared, while Christian sources begin to apply the term Mauri, Moors to the Islamic populations of the Maghreb and Andalusia in general.

The modern state of Mauritania received its name as a French colony in 1903; it was named after ancient Mauretania in spite of its being situated considerably to the south of the ancient province.

See also

• Numidia
• Roman-Moorish kingdoms
• Mauretania
• Moors

Notes

1. οἰκοῦσι δ᾽ ἐνταῦθα Μαυρούσιοι μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων λεγόμενοι, Μαῦροι δ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων "Here dwell a people called by the Greeks Maurusii, and by the Romans and the natives Mauri" Strabo, Geographica 17.3.2. Lewis and Short, Latin Dictionary, 1879 s.v. "Mauri"
2. Siculus, Calpurnius. "Eclogue IV". Internet Archive eclogues of Calpurnius. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
3. Richardson, John (1996). The Romans in Spain. Blackwell. p. 231.
4. Richardson, John (1996). The Romans in Spain. Blackwell. p. 232.
5. Jones, A.H.M. (1964). The Later Roman Empire. London: Basil Blackwell. p. 57.
6. Jones, A.H.M. (1964). The Later Roman Empire. London: Basil Blackwell. p. 53.
7. Jones, A.H.M. (1964). The Later Roman Empire. London: Basil Blackwell. pp. 52–53.
8. Jones, A.H.M. (1964). The Later Roman Empire. London: Basil Blackwell. p. 55.
9. Jones, A.H.M. (1964). The Later Roman Empire. London: Basil Blackwell. p. 57.
10. Jones, A.H.M. (1964). The Later Roman Empire. London: Basil Blackwell. p. 59.
11. Richardson, John (1996). The Romans in Spain. Blackwell. p. 292.
12. Ammianus Marcellinus. "The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus p. 413". Project Gutenberg Ammianus Marcelinus. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
13. Jones, A.H.M. (1964). The Later Roman Empire. London: Basil Blackwell. p. 140.
14. Jones, A.H.M. (1964). The Later Roman Empire. London: Basil Blackwell. p. 183.
15. Jones, A.H.M. (1964). The Later Roman Empire. London: Basil Blackwell. p. 184.
16. Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib (Cambridge Univ., 1971) at 27, 38 & 43; Michael Brett and Elizabeth Fentress, The Berbers (Blackwell 1996) at 14, 24, 41–54; Henri Terrasse, History of Morocco (Casablanca: Atlantides 1952) at 39–49, esp. 43–44; Serge Lancel, Carthage (Librairie Artheme Fayard 1992, Blackwell 1995) at 396–401; Glenn Markoe, The Phoenicians, Berkeley, CA: University of California, 2000, pp. 54–56.
17. c.f. Kusaila, Kahina. "The conquest of North Africa and Berber resistance" in General History of Africa.