McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II

Not to be confused with Lockheed A-12.
A-12 Avenger II
An artist's concept of the A-12 Avenger II
Role All-weather naval stealth bomber[1]
Manufacturer McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics
Status Canceled
Primary users United States Navy
United States Marine Corps
Number built 0; mockup only
Program cost US$57 billion (projected)[2]
Unit cost
US$84 million (estimated)[3]

The McDonnell Douglas/General Dynamics A-12 Avenger II was a proposed American attack aircraft from McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics. It was to be an all-weather, carrier-based stealth bomber replacement for the Grumman A-6 Intruder in the United States Navy and Marine Corps. Its Avenger II name was taken from the Grumman TBF Avenger of World War II.

The development of the A-12 was troubled by cost overruns and several delays, causing questions of the program's ability to deliver upon its objectives; these doubts led to the development program being canceled in 1991. The manner of its cancellation was contested through litigation until a settlement was reached in January 2014.

Design and development

ATA program

The United States Navy began the Advanced Tactical Aircraft (ATA) program in 1983. The program was to develop and field a replacement for the A-6 Intruder by 1994. Stealth technology developed for the United States Air Force would be used heavily in the program.[4] Concept design contracts were awarded to the industry teams of McDonnell Douglas/General Dynamics, and Northrop/Grumman/Vought in November 1984. The teams were awarded contracts for further concept development in 1986.[5]

The McDonnell Douglas/General Dynamics team was selected as the winner on 13 January 1988; the rival team led by Grumman surprisingly failed to submit a final bid.[6] The McDonnell Douglas/General Dynamics team was awarded a development contract and the ATA aircraft was designated A-12. The first flight was initially planned for December 1990.[5] The A-12 was named Avenger II in homage to the World War II-era Navy torpedo-bomber Grumman TBF Avenger.[7]

The Navy initially sought to buy 620 A-12s and Marines wanted 238. In addition, the Air Force briefly considered ordering some 400 of an A-12 derivative.[5][8] The A-12 was promoted as a possible replacement for the Air Force's General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, and for the United Kingdom's Panavia Tornado fighter-bombers.[6] The craft was a flying wing design in the shape of an isosceles triangle, with the cockpit situated near the apex of the triangle.[9] The A-12 gained the nickname "Flying Dorito".[9]

An artist's impression of the A-12 Avenger II in flight

The aircraft was to be powered by two General Electric F412-D5F2 turbofan engines, each producing about 13,000 pounds-force (58 kN) of thrust. It was designed to carry precision guided weapons internally,[5] up to two AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missiles, two AGM-88 HARM air-to-ground missiles and a complement of air-to-ground ordnance, including unguided or precision-guided bombs, could be carried in an internal weapons bay. It has been claimed that the A-12 was to be capable of delivering nuclear weapons held in its internal weapons bay as well.[10] The A-12 was to have a weapons load of 5,160 pounds (2,300 kg).[11]

Beginning in early 1990 McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics revealed delays and projected cost increases. Due to complications with the composite materials, aircraft weight had increased to 30% over design specification. This was unwelcome for an airplane that needed to operate efficiently and effectively from an aircraft carrier.[8] Technical difficulties with the complexity of the radar system to be used also caused costs to increase; by one estimate the A-12 was to consume up to 70% of the Navy's budget for aircraft.[8] After delays, its critical design review was successfully completed in October 1990 and the maiden flight was rescheduled to early 1992.[12] In December 1990 plans were made for 14 Navy aircraft carriers to equipped with a wing of 20 A-12s each.[13]

A government report released in November 1990 documented serious problems with the A-12 development program. In December 1990 Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney told the Navy to justify the program and deliver reasons why it should not be canceled. The response given by the Navy and the contractors failed to persuade the Secretary of Defense, as he canceled the program in the following month, on 7 January 1991, for breach of contract.[5][14]

"The A-12 I did terminate. It was not an easy decision to make because it's an important requirement that we're trying to fulfill. But no one could tell me how much the program was going to cost, even just through the full scale development phase, or when it would be available. And data that had been presented at one point a few months ago turned out to be invalid and inaccurate."

Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, 1991.[15]

The government felt the contractors could not complete the program and instructed them to repay most of the $2 billion that had been spent on A-12 development. McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics disputed this in Federal Claims court.[16] The reasons and causes for the cancellation have been debated and remain an issue of controversy, with suggestions of political expediency and scheming to be behind the action.[17]

Aftermath

After the cancellation of the A-12, the Navy elected to purchase the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, which went on to replace the A-6 Intruder and the F-14 Tomcat. The Super Hornet uses the General Electric F414 turbofan engine, which is a modified variant of the upgraded F404 version developed for the A-12.[18] The full-size A-12 mockup was revealed to the public at the Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth in June 1996.[19] The cancellation of the A-12 is seen as one of the major losses in the 1990s that weakened McDonnell Douglas and led to its merger with rival Boeing in 1997.[20] After years of being in storage at the Lockheed Martin Aeronautics (formerly General Dynamics) facility in Fort Worth, Texas, the mockup was transported to Veterans Memorial Air Park adjacent to Meacham Airport in north Fort Worth in June 2013.[21] (The park was later renamed Fort Worth Aviation Museum.[22])

The manner in which the program was canceled led to years of litigation between the contractors and the Department of Defense over breach of contract. On 1 June 2009, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled that the U.S. Navy was justified in canceling the contract. The ruling also required the two contractors to repay the U.S. government more than US$1.35 billion, plus interest charges of US$1.45 billion. Boeing, which had merged with McDonnell Douglas, and General Dynamics vowed to appeal the ruling.[23] In September 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court said it would hear the two companies' arguments, that the government canceled the project improperly and that the use of a state secrets claim by the U.S. prevented them from mounting an effective defense.[24] In May 2011, the Supreme Court set aside the Appeals Court decision and returned the case to federal circuit court.[25] In January 2014, the case was settled with Boeing and General Dynamics agreeing to pay $200 million each to the U.S. Navy.[26]

The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, an in-development carrier-capable fighter featuring stealth technology and oriented toward ground-attack operations, is in effect a successor to the A-12 in both role and industrial origins.[27] Comparisons have been drawn between the role of the future Next-Generation Bomber and the A-12; the two aircraft both being stealthy sub-sonic bombers designed to carry comparable bomb loads and fly similar ranges.[28]

Specifications (A-12 Avenger II)

Various views of the A-12 as designed
Top view of A-12 vs. F-14 and A-6

Data from Stealth Warplanes[6]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

An A-12 Avenger II model on display at the Frontiers of Flight Museum
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

References

Citations
  1. ↑ Stevenson 2001, p. 35.
  2. ↑ Schmitt, Eric. "Navy Urges Aid to Aircraft's Makers". The New York Times, 3 January 1991. Retrieved: 26 February 2011.
  3. ↑ "Cheney Says No". The Victoria Advocate, 10 January 1991. Retrieved: 26 February 2011.
  4. ↑ "Advanced Tactical Aircraft (ATA) 1983–1991". jsf.mil, Retrieved: 23 February 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Jenkins 2002, p. 95.
  6. 1 2 3 Richardson 2001, p. 110.
  7. ↑ Richeson 1990, p. 14.
  8. 1 2 3 Mahnken 2008, p. 166.
  9. 1 2 Jenkins 2002, pp. 96–97.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Polmar and Norris 2009, p. 75.
  11. 1 2 3 Thomason 2009, p. 184.
  12. ↑ Thomason 2009 1993, p. 185.
  13. ↑ Richeson 1990, pp. 15–16.
  14. ↑ Yenne 1993, p. 13.
  15. ↑ "Lifting the Veil of Military Secrecy". America's Defense Monitor, 20 February 1994. Retrieved: 26 February 2011.
  16. ↑ Jenkins 2002, pp. 95–96.
  17. ↑ Cohen, Eliot A. "Review of: 'The $5 Billion Misunderstanding: The Collapse of the Navy's A-12 Stealth Bomber Program'". Journal of Foreign Affairs. January/February 2002. Retrieved: 1 March 2011.
  18. ↑ Senior 2003, p. 44.
  19. ↑ Jenkins 2002, p. 96.
  20. ↑ Boyne 2002, pp. 404–405.
  21. ↑ Bob Booth special. Fort Worth Star-Telegram, 28 June 2013.
  22. ↑ http://www.facmuseum.org/docs/VMAP%20Monthly/VAMP%20Monthly%20October%202013.pdf
  23. ↑ "Court upholds Navy cancellation of A-12 aircraft". Associated Press via thefreelibrary.com, 2 June 2009. Retrieved: 26 February 2011.
  24. ↑ Liptak, Adam. "Supreme Court Takes Cases on Corporations' Rights". The New York Times, 28 September 2010. Retrieved: 28 September 2010.
  25. ↑ Weisgerber, Marcus. "Supreme Court Overturns A-12 Ruling Against Contractors". Defense News, 23 May 2011.
  26. ↑ "UPDATE 1-Boeing, General Dynamics reach $400 mln A-12 settlement with U.S. Navy". Reuters, 23 January 2014.
  27. ↑ Sweetman, Bill. "The Next Jet Fighter". Popular Science, New York: Bonnier Corporation, 248(6), June 1996. p. 81. Retrieved: 26 February 2011.
  28. ↑ Trimble, Stephen. "LRS: The A-12 Strikes Back!". flightglobal.com, 3 May 2007. Retrieved: 26 February 2011.
Bibliography
  • Boyne, Walter J. Air Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2002. ISBN 978-1-57607-345-2.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R. Grumman A-6 Intruder – WarbirdTech Volume 33. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58007-050-7.
  • Mahnken, Thomas G. Technology and the American Way of War. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-231-12336-5.
  • Polmar, Norman., and Robert Stan Norris. The U.S. Nuclear Arsenal: A History of Weapons and Delivery Systems Since 1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-55750-681-8.
  • Richardson, Doug. Stealth Warplanes. Osceola, WI: Zenith Imprint, 2001. ISBN 978-0-7603-1051-9.
  • Richeson, Jim. "Coming Soon to a Carrier Near You: Avenger". Naval Aviation News, December 1990. pp. 14–19.
  • Senior, Tim. The Air Forces Book of the F/A-18 Hornet. Osceola, Wisconsin: Zenith Imprint, 2003. ISBN 978-0-946219-69-8.
  • Stevenson, James P. The $5 Billion Misunderstanding: the Collapse of the Navy's A-12 Stealth Bomber Program. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001. ISBN 978-1-55750-777-8.
  • Thomason, Tommy H. Strike from the Sea: U.S. Navy Attack Aircraft from Skyraider to Super Hornet, 1948 – present. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-58007-132-1.
  • Yenne, Bill. Weapons of the 21st Century. New York; Avenel, New Jersey: Crescent Books, 1993. ISBN 978-0-517-06976-9.

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