Medical ghostwriter

Medical ghostwriters are employed by pharmaceutical companies and medical-device manufacturers to produce apparently independent manuscripts for peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and other communications. Physicians and other scientists are paid to attach their names to the manuscripts as though they had authored them. The named authors may have had little or no involvement in the research or writing process.[1]

Definitions and rules

The American Medical Writers Association speaks to the topic as follows:[2]

"Ghost authoring" refers to making substantial contributions without being identified as an author. "Guest authoring" refers to being named as an author without having made substantial contributions. "Ghostwriting" refers to assisting in presenting the author's work without being acknowledged. The term "ghostwriting" is often used to encompass all three of these practices.

The rules for authorship and contribution of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE, informally known as "the Vancouver Group" from the locale of the group's first meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) are a single, universally-respected set of guidelines for describing authorship of and contribution to professional medical publications. The document "International Committee of Medical Journal Editors: Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors"[3] is considered the definitive statement of ethical requirements for how authorship in medical journal articles (the prime forum for medical professional publication) and the degree to which a given writer is deemed to have contributed to the content of a medical journal article are determined. Compliance with the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors' Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals[4] is voluntary. A list of medical journals which have stated that they follow the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals[5] is maintained by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.

How closely individual medical journals and authors of medical journal articles comply with ICMJE guidelines is a largely self-policed matter. The ICMJE document "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Publishing and Editorial Issues Related to Publication in Biomedical Journals: Corrections, Retractions and "Expressions of Concern"[6] is the section of the ICMJE Uniform Requirements laying out guidelines for how potential or actual scientific error and scientific fraud ought to be dealt with. It refers readers to the relevant guidelines from the Committee for Publication Ethics (COPE)[7] - specifically COPE's flowcharts outlining a systematic approach toward scientific error and possible fraud.[8]

Criticism

Medical ghostwriting has been criticized by a variety of professional organizations[9][10] representing the drug industry, publishers, and medical societies, and it may violate American laws prohibiting off-label promotion by drug manufacturers as well as anti-kickback provisions within the statutes governing Medicare.[11] Recently, it has attracted scrutiny from the lay press[12][13] lawmakers[14] the Institute of Medicine,[15] and the National Institutes of Health.[16] as well. It is permitted at some institutions, including the University of Washington School of Medicine,[17][18] while it is prohibited and considered a particularly pernicious form of plagiarism at others, such as Tufts University School of Medicine and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.[15][19]

Scandals involving prominent physicians researchers have been reported at over a dozen universities in the United States, however, there have been no reports of any professors being disciplined.[15] Professor Trudo Lemmens of the University of Toronto School of Law argues that ghostwritten papers help protect companies when they are sued in court.[20]

Professional medical writers can write papers without being listed as authors of the paper and without being considered ghostwriters, provided their role is acknowledged. The European Medical Writers Association have published guidelines which aim to ensure professional medical writers carry out this role in an ethical and responsible manner.[21] The use of properly acknowledged medical writers is accepted as legitimate by organisations such as the World Association of Medical Editors[9] and the British Medical Journal.[22] Moreover, professional medical writers' expertise in presenting scientific data may be of benefit in producing better quality papers.[23]

Prevalence

It is difficult to determine how frequently ghostwriting occurs due to its covert nature. A 2009 New York Times article estimated that 11% of New England Journal of Medicine articles, 8% of JAMA, Lancet and PLoS Medicine articles, 5% of Annals of Internal Medicine articles and 2% of Nature Medicine were ghost written.[24] Between 1998 and 2005 Wyeth had 26 papers promoting hormone replacement therapy (HRT) published in scientific journals.[25]

Previously secret internal Wyeth documents providing evidence of this are viewable on the Drug Industry Document Archive. It also appears to have occurred in 75% of industry funded trials between 1994 - 1995 approved by the Scientific Ethical Committees for Copenhagen and Frederiksberg.[1] Of the articles published from 1998 to 2000 regarding sertraline, between 18% and 40% were ghost written by Pfizer.[1] A questionnaire using comparable methods in 2005 and 2008 with a 14-28% response rate found a decrease in number of people who reported ghostwriting among professional medical writers.[26]

Most pharmaceutical companies have in-house publication managers who may either manage the writing of publications on the company's drugs by a team of in-house medical writers or contract them out to medical communication companies or freelance medical writers. Reprints of the articles can be distributed to doctors in their offices or at medical meetings by drug company representatives in lieu of product brochures. This practice might be illegal if it effectively constitutes advertising or advocating use of the drug for non-approved indications or dosages. Payments to medical ghostwriters may be augmented with consulting contracts, paid trips to teach continuing medical education courses, or grants. The academics or doctors are known as "KOLs" ("Key Opinion Leaders") or "TLs" ("Thought Leaders").

Senate investigation

On June 24, 2010, Senator Charles E. Grassley, Ranking Member of the United States Senate Committee on Finance issued a report on medical ghost writing. The report said, "The Committee was provided with documents from recent lawsuits involving Wyeth’s hormone therapy products. The documents showed that Wyeth hired a medical communications and education company, DesignWrite Inc. (DesignWrite), to draft review articles regarding the breast cancer risk of hormone therapy products and then invited academic researchers to sign on as the primary authors."[27]

See also

References[28]

  1. 1 2 3 Sismondo S (September 2007). "Ghost management: how much of the medical literature is shaped behind the scenes by the pharmaceutical industry?". PLoS Med. 4 (9): e286. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040286. PMC 1989751. PMID 17896859.
  2. ↑ "AMWA Ethics FAQ". amwa.org.
  3. ↑ "ICMJE - Recommendations - Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors". icmje.org.
  4. ↑ "ICMJE - Recommendations". icmje.org.
  5. ↑ "ICMJE - Journals Following the ICMJE Recommendations". icmje.org.
  6. ↑ http://www.icmje.org/publishing_2corrections.html
  7. ↑ "Guidelines". publicationethics.org.
  8. ↑ http://publicationethics.org/files/All%20Flowcharts%20English%2017%20July%202012.pdf
  9. 1 2 Fletcher, Robert (2005). "Ghost writing initiated by commercial companies". J Gen Intern Med 20 (6): 549. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.41015.x.
  10. ↑ Rennie, D.; Flanagin, A. (1994). "Authorship! Authorship! Guests, ghosts, grafters, and the two-sided coin". JAMA 271 (6): 469–471. doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510300075043.
  11. ↑ Studdert; et al. (2004). "Financial Conflicts of Interest in Physicians' Relationships with the Pharmaceutical Industry—Self-Regulation in the Shadow of Federal Prosecution". NEJM 351 (18): 1891–1900. doi:10.1056/NEJMlim042229. PMID 15509824.
  12. ↑ Mathews, Anna Wilde (December 13, 2005). "At medical journals, paid writers play big role". Wall Street Journal.
  13. ↑ Ross, Elliot (20 May 2000). "How drug companies' PR tactics skew the presentation of medical research". The Guardian.
  14. ↑ House of Commons Health Committee (2005) The influence of the pharmaceutical industry. London: The Stationery Office Limited.
  15. 1 2 3 "Frequently Asked Questions about Medical Ghostwriting". Project On Government Oversight. June 28, 2011.
  16. ↑ Project On Government Oversight, "Frequently Asked Questions about Medical Ghostwriting", June 28, 2011
  17. ↑ Boseley, The Guardian, February 7, 1992
  18. ↑ Giombetti, 1992, "UW's Friendly Corporate Ghostwriter", Eat the State Vol. 6, No. 19
  19. ↑ Krimsky, Sheldon (2003). Science in the Private Interest: Has the Lure of Profits Corrupted Biomedical Research?. Lanham: Rowman-Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-1479-X.
  20. ↑ Thacker, Paul, "How Scientific Literature Has Become Part of Big Pharma's Marketing Machine and How Being Nice Hurts Canada: 5 Questions with Ghostwriting Expert Trudo Lemmens", Project On Government Oversight, Jun 22, 2011
  21. ↑ Jacobs, A.; Wager, E. (2005). "European Medical Writers Association (EMWA) guidelines on the role of medical writers in developing peer-reviewed publications". Curr Med Res Opin 21 (2): 317–321. doi:10.1185/030079905x25578.
  22. ↑ "Resources for authors". bmj.com.
  23. ↑ Schultz, H. Y.; Blalock, E. (2007). "Transparency Is the Key to the Relationship between Biomedical Journals and Medical Writers". Journal of Investigative Dermatology 127 (4): 735–737. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700794.
  24. ↑ Wilson, Duff; Singer, Natasha (September 11, 2009). "Ghostwriting Is Called Rife in Medical Journals". The New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  25. ↑ Singer, Natasha (August 5, 2009). "Ghostwriters Paid by Wyeth Aided Its Drugs - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  26. ↑ Jacobs, A.; Hamilton, A. (2009). "Decreased evidence of ghostwriting in a 2008 vs 2005 survey of medical writers" (PDF). The Write Stuff 18 (2): 118–123.
  27. ↑ Grassley, Charles, ed. (June 24, 2010). "Ghostwriting in Medical Literature" (PDF). Minority Staff Report,111th Congress,United States Senate Committee on Finance. Washington, DC. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  28. ↑ Flaherty, Dennis K. (2013-07-01). "Ghost- and Guest-Authored Pharmaceutical Industry–Sponsored Studies: Abuse of Academic Integrity, the Peer Review System, and Public Trust". Annals of Pharmacotherapy 47 (7-8): 1081–1083. doi:10.1345/aph.1R691. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 23585648.
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