Meir Kahane

Meir Kahane
Date of birth August 1, 1932
Place of birth Brooklyn, New York, United States
Year of aliyah 1971
Date of death November 5, 1990(1990-11-05) (aged 58)
Place of death Manhattan, United States
Knessets 11
Faction represented in Knesset
1984–1988 Kach

Meir David Kahane (Hebrew: מאיר דוד כהנא‎) (/kəˈhɑːnə/; August 1, 1932 – November 5, 1990) was an American-Israeli rabbi, ultra-Nationalist political figure, teacher and writer, whose work became either the direct or indirect foundation of most modern Jewish militant and far right-wing political groups.[1] He was an ordained Orthodox rabbi and later served as a member of the Israeli Knesset.[2]

Kahane spent years reaching out to Jews through published works, weekly articles, speeches and debates on college campuses and in synagogues throughout the United States, and appearances on various televised programs and radio shows. He gained recognition as an extreme advocate for Jewish causes, such as organizing defense squads and patrols in Jewish neighborhoods and demanding the Soviet Union release its oppressed Jews.[3] He later became known in the United States and Israel for supporting violence against enemies of the Jewish people, calls for emergency Jewish mass migration to Israel due to a potential "second Holocaust" in the United States, proposing that Israel's democracy be reserved for its Jewish citizens and, hopefully, eventually adopt Jewish religious law,[4] and endorsing the annexation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[5]

Kahane proposed enforcing Jewish law, as codified by Maimonides,[6] under which non-Jews wishing to dwell in Israel would have three options: remain as "resident strangers" with all rights but national ones,[7] leave Israel and receive compensation for their property, or for those who refused either option, be forcibly removed without compensation.[8] While serving in Israel's Knesset in the mid-1980s, Kahane proposed numerous laws, none of which passed, to emphasize Judaism in public schools, to do away with Israel's bureaucracy, to forbid sexual relations between non-Jews and Jews and to end cultural meetings between Jewish and Arab students.[9]

Kahane founded the Jewish Defense League (JDL) in the USA as well as the Israeli political party Kach ("Thus"). In 1971, he was convicted for conspiracy to manufacture explosives.[10] In 1984, he became a member of the Knesset when Kach gained one seat in parliamentary elections. In 1988, after polls showed Kach gaining popularity, the Israeli government banned Kach for being "racist" and "anti-democratic" under the terms of an ad hoc law.[9]

Kahane was assassinated in a Manhattan hotel by an Arab gunman in November 1990.

Early life and education

Martin David Kahane[11] was born in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, in 1932 to an Orthodox Jewish family. His father, Rabbi Yechezkel (Charles) Kahane, author of the "Torah Yesharah," studied at Polish and Czech yeshiva religious schools, was involved in the Revisionist Zionism movement, and was a close friend of Ze'ev Jabotinsky.[12]

As a teenager, Kahane became an ardent admirer of Ze'ev Jabotinsky and Peter Bergson, who were frequent guests in his parents' home, and joined the Betar (Brit Trumpeldor) youth wing of Revisionist Zionism. He was active in protests against Ernest Bevin, the British Foreign Secretary who maintained restrictions on immigration of Jews (including Nazi death camp survivors) to Palestine after the end of the Second World War. In 1947, Kahane was arrested for throwing eggs and tomatoes at Bevin, as the latter disembarked at Pier 84 on a visit to New York. A photo of the arrest appeared in the New York Daily News.[13] In 1954, he became the mazkir (director) of Greater New York City’s sixteen Bnei Akiva chapters.

Kahane’s formal education included elementary school at the Yeshiva of Flatbush and high school at both Abraham Lincoln H.S. and at the Brooklyn Talmudical Academy. Kahane received his rabbinical ordination from the Mir Yeshiva in Brooklyn, where he was especially admired by the head, Rabbi Abraham Kalmanowitz,[14] and began going by his Hebrew name, Meir.[11] He was fully conversant with the Tanakh (Jewish Bible), Talmud, Midrash, and Jewish law. Subsequently, Kahane earned a B.A. in Political Science from Brooklyn College, a Bachelor of Law – LL.B. from New York Law School and an M.A. in International Relations from New York University.[15]

Serving as pulpit rabbi

In 1956, Kahane married Libby Blum, with whom he had four children:[16] Tzipporah, Tova, Baruch and Binyamin.[17][18] In 1958, he became the rabbi of the Howard Beach Jewish Center in Queens, New York City. Although the synagogue was originally Conservative rather than strictly Orthodox, the board of directors agreed to Kahane's conditions which included resigning from the Conservative movement's United Synagogue of America, installing a partition separating men and women during prayer, instituting traditional prayers and maintaining a kosher kitchen.[19] At the Jewish Center, Kahane influenced many of the synagogue’s youngsters to adopt a more observant lifestyle, which often troubled parents.[20][21] He trained Arlo Guthrie for his bar mitzvah.[22] When his contract was not renewed, he soon published an article entitled "End of the Miracle of Howard Beach." This was Kahane’s first article in the Jewish Press, American-Jewish weekly, for which he continued to write until his assassination in 1990.[23] Kahane also used the pen name David Sinai and the pseudonyms Michael King, David Borac and Martin Keene.[24]

Infiltrating the John Birch Society

In the late 1950s to early 1960s, Kahane's life of secrecy and strong anti-communist views landed him a position as a consultant with the FBI. According to his wife Libby, his assignment was to infiltrate the anti-communist John Birch Society and report his findings back to the FBI.[16] Later, Michael T. Kaufman published an article claiming that at this point Kahane confided in him that he had been in a relationship with Gloria Jean D'Argenio.[25]

Anti-Communist activism and collaboration with Joseph Churba

At some time in the late 1950s, Kahane took on the persona of a non-religious individual, along with the pseudonym Michael King.[26] At this point, Kahane began openly expressing anti-Communist positions. He and Joseph Churba created the July Fourth Movement which was formed to counteract widespread opposition toward U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.[27] Subsequently, they co-authored the text, The Jewish Stake in Vietnam together, which was an attempt to convince American Jews of the "evil of Communism."[28] The book's introduction states that "all Americans have a stake in this grim war against Communism.... it is vital that Jews realize the threat to their very survival [should Communism succeed]." Churba had a major falling out with Kahane over the use of para-militarism, and they permanently parted ways. Churba went on to pursue his own career, joining the US Air Force, writing many books on the Middle East, and later becoming one of Ronald Reagan's consultants. Kahane chose to fight for Jewish rights and was willing to use extreme measures. He even attempted to acquire and grow biological weapons to use on a Soviet military installation,[29] but failed. He began using the phrase 'Never Again'[30] and conceived the Jewish Star and fist insignia, a symbol resembling that of the Black Panther Party, though Kahane himself opposed the Black Panther party due to anti-Jewish riots they had supported in Massachusetts and leftist leanings, as he saw it.

The Jewish Defense League

Main article: Jewish Defense League

The Jewish Defense League (JDL) was originally founded by Kahane in New York City in 1968. JDL's self-described purpose was to protect Jews from local manifestations of antisemitism.[31] The JDL was committed to five fundamental principles:

The JDL favored civil rights for blacks while opposing black anti-Semites[32] and racism of any form.[33] In 1971, the JDL formed an alliance with a black rights group in what Kahane termed "a turning point in Black-Jewish relations."[34] Despite the JDL's anti-racist positions and inclusion of individuals of all colors and faiths,[35] the Anti-Defamation League claimed that Kahane "preached a radical form of Jewish nationalism which reflected racism, violence and political extremism"[31] which were replicated by Irv Rubin, the JDL successor to Kahane.[36]

A number of the JDL members and leaders, including Kahane, were convicted in relation to acts of domestic terrorism in the United States.[37] In 1971, Kahane was sentenced to 5 years in prison, suspended, for conspiring to manufacture explosives.[10] In 1975, Kahane was arrested for leading the attack on the Soviet United Nations mission and injuring two officers, but was released after being given summonses for disorderly conduct. Later that same year, Kahane was accused of conspiring to kidnap a Soviet diplomat, bomb the Iraqi embassy in Washington, and ship arms abroad from Israel. He was convicted of violating his probation for the 1971 bomb conviction and sentenced to one year in prison.[38] However he served most of it in a hotel, with frequently unsupervised absences, due to a concession over the provision of kosher food.[39] In a 1984 interview with Washington Post correspondent Carla Hall, Kahane admitted that the JDL "bombed the Russian [Soviet] mission in New York, the Russian cultural mission here [Washington] in 1971, the Soviet trade offices."[40][41]

Immigration to Israel, Knesset service

Main article: Kach and Kahane Chai

In 1971, Kahane emigrated to Israel. When he moved to Israel, Kahane declared that he would focus on Jewish education.[42] He later began gathering lists of Arab residents willing to emigrate for compensation and, eventually, initiating protests advocating the expulsion of Arabs from Israel and the occupied territories. In 1972, Jewish Defense League leaflets were distributed in Hebron, calling for the mayor to stand trial for the 1929 Hebron massacre.[43] Kahane was arrested dozens of times.[44] In 1971, he founded the Kach party. In 1973, the party ran for the Knesset (Israeli parliament) during the general elections under the name "The League List". The party won 12,811 votes (0.82%), just 2,857 (0.18%) short of the electoral threshold at the time (1%) for winning a Knesset seat. The party was even less successful in the 1977 elections, winning 4,836 votes.

In 1980, Kahane was arrested for the 62nd time since his emigration and jailed for six months following a detention order based on allegations of planning armed attacks against Palestinians in response to the killings of Jewish settlers.[45] Kahane was held in prison in Ramla, where he wrote the book They Must Go. Kahane was banned from entering the United Kingdom in 1981.[46]

In 1981, Kahane's Kach party again ran for the Knesset during the 1981 elections, but did not win a seat, receiving only 5,128 votes. In 1984, the Central Elections Committee banned him from being a candidate on the grounds that Kach was a racist party, but the Supreme Court of Israel overturned the ban on grounds that the committee was not authorized to ban Kahane's candidacy.[47] The Supreme Court suggested that the Knesset pass a law that would authorize the exclusion of racist parties from future elections, and the Anti-Racist Law of 1988 was later passed. In the 1984 legislative elections, Kahane's Kach party received 25,907 votes, enough to give the party one seat in the Knesset, which was taken by Kahane. Kahane refused to take the standard oath of office and insisted on adding a Biblical verse from Psalms, to indicate that when national laws and the Torah conflict, Torah (Biblical) law should have supremacy over the laws of the Knesset. Kahane's legislative proposals focused on Jewish education, an open economy, transferring the Arab population out from the Land of Israel, revoking Israeli citizenship from non-Jews, and banning Jewish-Gentile marriages and sexual relations, based on the Code of Jewish Law compiled by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah.

As his political career progressed and popularity in the streets began growing, Kahane became increasingly isolated in the Knesset. His speeches, boycotted by nearly all Knesset members, were made to an empty parliament, except for the duty chairman and the transcriptionist. Kahane's legislative proposals and motions of no-confidence against the government were ignored or rejected by fellow Knesset members. Kahane often pejoratively called other Knesset members "Hellenists" (a reference to Jews who assimilated into Greek culture after Judea's occupation by Alexander the Great). In 1987, Kahane opened a yeshiva ("HaRaayon HaYehudi") with funding from US supporters, to teach "the Authentic Jewish Idea". Despite the boycott, Kahane's popularity grew among the Israeli public, especially among working-class Sephardi Jews.[48] Polls showed that Kach would have likely received anywhere from four to twelve seats in the coming November 1988 elections.[49][50]

In 1985, the Knesset passed an amendment to Israel's Basic Law, barring "racist" candidates from election. The Central Elections Committee banned Kahane a second time, and he appealed to the Israeli Supreme Court. This time, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the committee, disqualifying Kach from running in the 1988 elections. Kahane was thus the first candidate in Israel to be barred from election for racism. The move was severely criticized as being anti-democratic by many, including Harvard Law Professor Alan M. Dershowitz, who frequently decried attacks on Kahane's rights.[51]

Assassination

In November 1990, Kahane gave a speech to an audience of mostly Orthodox Jews from Brooklyn,[52] warning American Jews to emigrate to Israel before it was "too late".[52][53] As a crowd gathered around Kahane in the second-floor lecture hall in midtown Manhattan's Marriott East Side Hotel, Kahane was assassinated[54][55][56] by El Sayyid Nosair, an Egyptian-born American citizen who was initially charged and acquitted of the murder.[57] Nosair was later convicted of the murder in United States district court incident to the trial for his involvement in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Prosecutors were able to retry Nosair for the murder because the federal indictment includes the killing as part of the alleged terrorist conspiracy.[58] He was sentenced to life imprisonment, and later made a confession to federal agents.[59]

Some researchers, such as Peter Lance, consider Kahane one of the first, if not the very first, American victims of the then-nascent Al Qaeda, as his killer is believed to have links to Osama bin Laden's network.[60] The cell that Kahane's assassin belonged to had been training in the New York metro since the middle of 1989.[61] Kahane was buried on Har HaMenuchot in Jerusalem. Kahane's funeral was one of the largest in Israel's history, where approximately 150,000 participated. He was eulogized by a number of prominent supporters in both the US and Israel, including Rabbi Moshe Tendler and the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel, Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu, who spoke of how little the people understood of Kahane's "true value".[62]

Ideology

Main article: Kahanism

Kahane argued that there was a glory in Jewish destiny, which came through the observance of the Torah. He also noted that "democracy and Judaism are not the same thing."[63] Kahane also stressed that a Jewish state and Western democracy were incompatible since Western democracy is religion-blind and a Jewish state is religion-oriented by its very name. He also warned of the danger of non-Jewish citizens becoming a majority and voting against the Jewish character of the state: "The question is as follows: if the Arabs settle among us and make enough children to become a majority, will Israel continue to be a Jewish state? Do we have to accept that the Arab majority will decide?"[64] "Western democracy has to be ruled out. For me that's cut and dried: there's no question of setting up democracy in Israel, because democracy means equal rights for all, irrespective of racial or religious origins."

Kahane proposed an "exchange of populations" that would continue the Jewish exodus from Arab lands: "A total of some 750,000 Jews fled Arab lands since 1948. Surely it is time for Jews, worried over the huge growth of Arabs in Israel, to consider finishing the exchange of populations that began 35 (50) years ago." Kahane proposed a $40,000 compensation plan for Arabs who would leave voluntarily, forcible expulsion for those who "don't want to leave,"[64] and encouraged retaliatory violence against Arabs who attacked Jews: "I approve of anybody who commits such acts of violence. Really, I don't think that we can sit back and watch Arabs throwing rocks at buses whenever they feel like it. They must understand that a bomb thrown at a Jewish bus is going to mean a bomb thrown at an Arab bus."[64]

Kahane argued that Israel should never start a war for territory, but if a war were launched against Israel, then Biblical territory should be annexed. He defined Biblical territory as follows: "the southern boundary goes up to El Arish, which takes in all of northern Sinai, including Yamit. To the east, the frontier runs along the western part of the East Bank of the Jordan River, hence part of what is now Jordan. Eretz Yisrael also includes part of Lebanon and certain parts of Syria, and part of Iraq, all the way to the Tigris River.[64] When critics suggested that following Kahane's plans would mean perpetual war between Jews and Arabs, Kahane responded, "There will be a perpetual war. With or without Kahane."

Support and admiration

While Kahane used to quip that many supported him privately while dissenting with him publicly, there were numerous renowned figures that publicly supported and admired his positions.

Political legacy

Stickers in Hebrew: "Today Everybody Knows: Kahane was Right"

Following Kahane's death, no scholarly and charismatic leader emerged to replace him in the movement, although the idea of transferring populations, mainly attributed to Kahane, was subsequently incorporated into the political platform of various political parties in Israel, such as Moledet (applying to Arab non-citizen residents of the West Bank) and Yisrael Beiteinu (in the form of population exchange). Two small Kahanist factions later emerged; one under the name of Kach and the other Kahane chai (Hebrew: כהנא חי, literally "Kahane lives [on]"), the second one led by his younger son, Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane. Neither one was permitted to participate in the Knesset elections by the Central Elections Committee, however.

In 1994, following the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre of Palestinian Muslim worshippers in Hebron by Kach supporter Dr. Baruch Goldstein, in which 29 Palestinian Muslim worshippers were killed, the Israeli government declared both parties to be terrorist organizations.[84][85] The U.S. State Department also added Kach and Kahane Chai to its list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.

On December 31, 2000, Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane and his wife Talya were shot to death by Palestinian gunmen while on their way to the Israeli settlement of Kfar Tapuach, where they lived. Five of their six children were wounded in the attack. Palestinian gunmen fired more than 60 machine gun rounds into their van.[86]

In the 2003 Knesset elections Herut, which split off from the National Union list, ran with Michael Kleiner and former Kach activist Baruch Marzel taking the top two spots on the list. The joint effort narrowly missed the 1.5% barrier. In the following 2006 elections Jewish National Front led by Baruch Marzel, fared better but also failed to pass the minimum threshold. A self-declared follower of Kahane who was involved with Kach for many years, Michael Ben-Ari, was elected to the Knesset in the 2009 elections on renewed National Union list. He stood again in the 2013 elections as the second candidate on the list of Otzma LeYisrael, but the party failed to pass the minimum threshold.

In 2007 the FBI released over a thousand documents relating to their daily surveillance of Kahane since the early 1960s.[87]

In 2015 Kahane's grandson, Meir Ettinger was detained by Israeli law enforcement. He is the alleged leader of the Messianist Jewish group the Revolt.[88] In an on-line "manifesto" echoing some of the teachings of his grandfather, Ettinger promotes the "dispossession of gentiles" who live in Israel and the establishment of a new "kingdom of Israel", a theocracy ruled by halacha, or rules of the Torah. Ettinger has been writing to condemn Israel’s government, rabbis and the IDF, as well as denouncing Christian churches as "idolatry".[89]

In 2016, Kahane's widow claimed that modern Jewish extremists in Israel are not following the ideology of her late husband, claiming he had a more mature approach which did not encourage illegal activities.[90]

"Gas the Arabs! JDL" graffiti in Hebron.[91][92] The persistent graffiti in Hebron calling for the expulsion or killing of Arabs has been characterized as Kahane's legacy.[93][94]

In court

Kahane's name has come up as precedent in many court cases. Two examples are the 1993 World Trade Center bombing case, where the defense tried unsuccessfully to argue that informants Emad Saleem and Ali Mohamed had entrapped the conspirators, as had been done by the FBI to Kahane.[29] In another case brought up at the Supreme Court of Israel, the banning of Kahane's political party first and then upheld in appeal, within the framework of the Israeli Democracy, can be used to ban other parties deemed racist or which espouse racist views.[95][96] The prosecution argued that Arab MK Haneen Zoabi should be banned for denying the Jewish People's existence and was banned by the Central Elections Committee, using the Kahane precedent. A week later this was unanimously overturned by the Supreme Court. Attempts at banning of Strong Israel and Balad political parties using the Kahane precedent unsuccessfully were overturned as well.[97][98]

See also

Publications

Also author of Numbers 23:9: "...lo, it is a people that shall dwell alone and shall not be reckoned among the nations," I. Block, 1970s. Contributor—sometimes under pseudonym Michael King—to periodicals, including The New York Times. Editor of Jewish Press, 1968.

For supplementary information and insights

References

  1. ↑ "Kach, Kahane Chai (Israel, extremists) – Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  2. ↑ "Rabbi Meir Kahane", Jewish Virtual Library (biography)
  3. ↑ Kahane, Libby (2008), Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought (abstract)
  4. ↑ Meir Kahane. Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews. p. 265. The pity is-the tragedy is-that most Jews do not believe that Judaism is Divine and therefore do not accept it as the foundation of the state. And so, because of that-but only because any attempt to establish a true Torah state would lead to bitter civil war among Jews-I would not be prepared to establish a state that would bar elections involving parties that do not accept Torah law as authority.
  5. ↑ Meir Kahane (1987). Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews. Lyle Stuart. p. 270. ISBN 0818404388. The Jew is forbidden to give up any part of the Land of Israel, which has been liberated. The land belongs to the G-d of Israel, and the Jew, given it by G-d, has no right to give away any part of it. All the areas liberated in 1967 will be annexed and made part of the State of Israel. Jewish settlement in every part of the land, including cities that today are sadly Judenrein, will be unlimited.
  6. ↑ Maimonides. Mishne Torah, Laws of Kings, Ch. 6.
  7. ↑ Meir Kahane. Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews. p. 250. All Arabs who are prepared to accept the State of Israel as the exclusive state of the Jewish people and of no one else, will be allowed to remain in the land with the status of "resident stranger," as per Jewish laws. They will be granted personal rights but no national ones. They will have general economic, social, cultural, and religious freedom but will not be citizens of the Jewish State and will have nothing to say in its future in any way. Accepting this status, they are welcome to remain and are entitled to all the respect and decency that Judaism demands we grant to all humans who are resident strangers in our land and who bow to its laws and concepts.
  8. ↑ Meir Kahane. They Must Go. Those who refuse to accept noncitizen status shall be compensated for property, but not given a bonus, and shall be transferred only to Arab — not Western — lands. The transfer shall be effected peacefully, if possible, but if the Arab still refuses, then forcibly and without compensation.
  9. 1 2 Brinkley, Joel. "Israel Bans Kahane Party From Election", The New York Times, October 6, 1988.
  10. 1 2 Morris Kaplan (July 24, 1971). "Kahane Gets 5-Year Suspended Sentence in Bomb Plot". New York Times. p. 26.
  11. 1 2 Beckerman, Gal (2010). "When They Come for Us, We'll Be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry". ISBN 9780547504438.
  12. ↑ "Rabbi Meir Kahane". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. August 1, 1932. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  13. ↑ Friedman, Robert I. The false prophet – Rabbi Meir Kahane – from FBI informant to Knesset member, New York, 1990, p.9. ISBN 1-55652-078-6
  14. ↑ Libby Kahane. Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought (Vol. 1). p. 50. Rabbi Abraham Kalmanowitz had a great love for Meir... [He once told Meir:] 'Because you sanctified G-d's name... your name and fame shall spread far and wide.'
  15. ↑ Libby Kahane, "Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought" vol. 2, chap 6, note 3 p. 577.
  16. 1 2 Nathan-Kazis, Josh. "Carrying a Torch", Ha'Aretz, January 6, 2009.
  17. ↑ Nathan-Kazis, Josh (January 6, 2009). "Carrying a torch". Haaretz. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  18. ↑ Miskin, Maayana (November 30, 2010). "Kahane Family Sues as Radio Ads Pulled over Peace Now Pressure". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  19. ↑ Kahane, Libby (2008). Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought Vol. One: 1932-1975. Israel: Urim Publications. p. 42. ISBN 978-965-524-008-5. Meir accepted the rabbinical position at the Howard Beach Jewish Center (HBJC) with certain conditions. He demanded Orthodox practices, even though none of the synagogue members were observant: a kosher kitchen, traditional prayers, and separate seating for men and women with a mechitza (partition) between them. Another condition was that the synagogue resign from the Conservative movement's United Synagogues of America. Remarkably, the board of directors agreed to all these terms, perhaps because the salary Meir accepted was far lower than that of a Reform or Conservative rabbi.
  20. ↑ Aaron Rakeffet-Rothkoff (2011). From Washington Avenue to Washington Street. Gefen Books. ISBN 978-965-229-5651. Meir’s primary success in this position was to be his undoing. Many of the youngsters were enchanted by the new rabbi and his mesmerizing personality. Much to their parents’ chagrin, some of these children began to observe the dietary and Sabbath laws.
  21. ↑ "Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought," pp. 48, 49.
  22. ↑ Tugend, Tom (December 2, 2004). "A Jewish Visit to Guthrie's Land". JewishJournal.com. Tribe Media Corp. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  23. ↑ Rakeffet-Rothkoff, Aaron. Review of Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought, Jewish Action.
  24. ↑ "Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought", Jewish Action, OU, 2008
  25. ↑ Remembering Kahane, and the Woman on the Bridge New York Times; March 6, 1994
  26. ↑ When They Come for Us, We'll Be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry at Google Books
  27. ↑ Libby Kahane. Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought (Vol. 1). p. 79.
  28. ↑ The Jewish stake in Vietnam at Google Books
  29. 1 2 "Informant: Meir Kahane Planned Biological Terror Attack On USSR". October 6, 2007. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  30. ↑ "But Meir Kahane's Message Refuses to Die; Source of 'Never Again'". The New York Times. November 19, 1990. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  31. 1 2 "Anti-Defamation League on JDL". Adl.org. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  32. ↑ Kahane, Libby (2008). Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought, Volume 1. Urim Publications. p. 106. ISBN 978-965-524-008-5. The JDL favored civil rights for blacks and opposed only black anti-Semites.
  33. ↑ Kahane, Libby (2008). Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought, Volume 1. Urim Publications. p. 80. ISBN 965-524-008-8.
  34. ↑ "Black Group, Jdl Pledge Common Action for Soviet Jews, Black-jewish Relations". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. May 19, 1971. The leader of a black self help group and the national chairman of the Jewish Defense League met today and pledged “brotherhood.” The unprecedented meeting between a black organization and the JDL, termed by Rabbi Kahane as a “turning point in Black-Jewish relations,” took place in the Harlem headquarters of NEGRO (National Economic Growth and Reconstruction Organization).
  35. ↑ Meir Kahane (1975). The Story of the Jewish Defense League. Chilton Book Company. p. 114. ISBN 0-8019-6247-1. In May, I and twenty other JDL people held an open rally in the middle of the campus against racism and reverse discrimination, surrounded by hundreds of militant Blacks and their Jewish supporters. Heckling and obscenities punctuated the air. As we stood together in a small knot, the mob suddenly surged forward and I am not ashamed to admit that I was frightened. But as we pushed back, the mob broke up and the rally continued. It was a small victory, perhaps, but the four Christian students who came up after the rally and said 'You guys have guts, that was the first rally of this kind we’ve seen here. Can we join the JDL?' understood perfectly what had happened. They did join, and at one point some 4 percent of our membership was non-Jewish.
  36. ↑ "ADL Commends FBI for Thwarting Alleged Bombing Plot By Jewish Extremists". Adl.org. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  37. ↑ "Middle East History: Jewish Defense League Unleashes Campaign of Violence in America". Wrmea.com. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  38. ↑ "Kahane gets year in '71 conviction". New York Times. February 22, 1975. p. 18.
  39. ↑ Deirdre Carmody (November 15, 1975). "Kahane enjoys freedom as an Inmate". New York Times. p. 56.
  40. ↑ Kushner, Harvey W. (2003). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. SAGE. pp. 192–193. ISBN 0-7619-2408-6.
  41. ↑ Hall, Carla (September 11, 1984). "The Message of Meir Kahane: In Silver Spring, Boos and Applause for the Knesset Member Knesset Member Meir Kahane". The Washington Post.
  42. ↑ Ehud Sprinzak (1999). Brother against Brother. The Free Press. p. 189
  43. ↑ The Kach Movement – Background. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: March 3, 1994
  44. ↑ 60 Minutes – Meir Kahane
  45. ↑ Israelis arrest rabbi on terrorism charges, The Montreal Gazette May 15, 1980
  46. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19811023&id=plROAAAAIBAJ&sjid=d-4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=1701,3233841&hl=en
  47. ↑ Israel Court Drops Ban on 2 Political Parties, New York Times, June 29, 1984, p. 3
  48. ↑ After a Career of Preaching Hatred for Arabs, Rabbi Meir Kahane Is Cut Down by An Assassin's Bullet People Magazine
  49. ↑ Jewish Defense League Unleashes Campaign of Violence in America New York Times, October 17, 1988
  50. ↑ Jew vs. Jew: the struggle for the soul of American Jewry, p. 196, at Google Books, Samuel G. Freedman
  51. ↑ Alan M. Dershowitz (1992). Chutzpah. Touchstone. pp. 191–192. ISBN 0-671-76089-0.
  52. 1 2 Specter, Michael (November 6, 1990). "Jewish Leader Kahane Slain in New York". The Washington Post.
  53. ↑ Goldman, John J. (November 6, 1990), Militant Rabbi Kahane Slain by N.Y. Gunman, Los Angeles Times
  54. ↑ Juergensmeyer, Mark (2003). Terror in the Mind of God. University of California Press. p. 59.
  55. ↑ Katz, Samuel M. "Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the manhunt for the al-Qaeda terrorists", 2002
  56. ↑ Hamm, Mark S (2007). Terrorism as Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond. NYU Press, p 29
  57. ↑ SELWYN RAABPublished: December 23, 1991 (December 23, 1991). "Jury Selection Seen As Crucial to Verdict". New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  58. ↑ CNN Jenkins, Brian. "Sheik, others convicted in New York", October 1, 1995, CNN
  59. ↑ Jerusalem Post Scheffler, Gil. "Sharon was Kahane killer's target", Aug 15, 2010, The Jerusalem Post
  60. ↑ "Rabbi Meir Kahane- The First victim of Al Quada in America". History Channel. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  61. ↑ "First Blood: Was Meir Kahane’s murder al Qaeda’s earliest attack on U.S. soil? | Peter Lance". peterlance.com. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
  62. ↑ "Gentlemen, not everyone knows Rabbi Meir! They do not know his true value! His fear of heaven! His learning! His kindness! The help he gave in secret! How many families receive food products from him on the eve of Passover, the eve of Sukkoth, the eve of Rosh HaShana; how many poor people got money from him - and all this, giving in secret! I can tell you that just recently, before Rosh HaShana, Rabbi Meir handed out some 34,000 dollars. There was a family that needed money, so he took money from his private funds and gave them! This is kindness! This is fear of heaven! This is charity! This is giving in secret! His inner qualities, the delicacy of his soul, his inner fear of heaven! This, people do not know, with this they are not familiar. Gentlemen! As if we know how carefully he used to fix times for Torah study! Who was the first to speak of Russian Jewry? Who awakened the Israeli people and the entire world from their slumbers, with regard to Russian Jewry? Who was it who predicted that Russian Jews would yet come out of their exile? It was Rabbi Meir Kahane - may God avenge his blood! I can mention now the number of agunoth I asked him to act on behalf of - thanks to his efforts we succeeded in saving a goodly number of agunoth. He saved many Jewish women from non-Jewish hands! Rabbi Meir, Rabbi Meir! I ask of you to rise up to heaven and to awaken all those who were put to death by the authorities, so that they can act in heaven for the benefit of all of Israel, so that we need not mourn any more, and so that your own sacrifice will be the last one, so that crying and screaming shall no longer be heard in our day, and so that we be found worthy of the final redemption, speedily and in our day. Amen." Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu's Eulogy of Rabbi Meir Kahane
  63. ↑ "One absolutely cannot confuse them. The objective of a democratic state is to allow a person to do exactly as he wishes. The objective of Judaism is to serve God and to make people better. These are two totally opposite conceptions of life.God's Law: an Interview with Rabbi Meir Kahane at the Wayback Machine (archived February 19, 2009)
  64. 1 2 3 4 Kahane.org
  65. ↑ "Yisrael Ariel Biography".
  66. ↑ Chana Bunim Rubin Ausubel (2015). As Long as the Candle Burns. Mazo Publishers. p. 188. ISBN 978-1936778423. As an activist he was an admirer and supporter of Rav Meir Kahane, when very few people were.
  67. ↑ Halevi, Ezra (January 10, 2006). "Sanhedrin Recognizes Council to Teach Humanity ´Laws of Noah´". Arutz 7 News.
  68. ↑ "Bob Dylan interview", Time, May 31, 1971
  69. ↑ Wolk, Douglas, The Wandering Kind, Next Book
  70. ↑ Heylin, Clinton (2001). Bob Dylan Behind the Shades. The Biography-Take Two. London: Penguin Books. p. 328. ISBN 0-14-028146-0.
  71. ↑ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, p. 329.
  72. ↑ Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu's Eulogy of Rabbi Meir Kahane
  73. 1 2 "The Jewish Advocate". The Jewish Advocate. June 1, 1970.
  74. ↑ Libby Kahane (2008). Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought - Volume One: 1932-1975. Institute for Publication of Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane. p. 163. ISBN 978-9655240085.
  75. ↑ Rabbi Shlomo Korach on Rabbi Meir Kahane
  76. ↑ "Audio: Reverend Manning Talks About American Black-Jewish Relations", Arutz Sheva
  77. ↑ Mohammed T. Mehdi (1988). Terrorism: Why America is the Target!. New World Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-911119-10-8.
  78. ↑ "L'Chayim: Soviet Refusenik, Yosef Mendelevich". Youtube. Shalom TV. November 26, 2012.
  79. ↑ Raphael Cohen-Almagor (1994). The Boundaries of Liberty and Tolerance. University Press of Florida. p. 287. ISBN 0-8130-1258-9.
  80. ↑ Zvouloni, Noah (December 13, 1985). "Hadashot". Davar.
  81. ↑ Ami Pedahzur & Arlie Perliger (2009). Jewish Terrorism in Israel. Columbia University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-231-52075-1.
  82. ↑ "Excerpts from the Eulogy Given at Rabbi Kahane’s Funeral by Rabbi Moshe Tendler, Shlita". The Idea. 1991.
  83. ↑ Rabbi Yaakov Yosef about Rabbi Meir Kahane
  84. ↑ "Kach and Kahane Chai". Archived from the original on December 16, 2002.
  85. ↑ "Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT)".
  86. ↑ Dudkevitch, Margot (January 1, 2001). "Kahane, wife killed by terrorists". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  87. ↑ "INTELWIRE.com - the documents" (PDF). Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  88. ↑ "Cracking down on the settlers: Binyamin Netanyahu’s double game". The Economist. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  89. ↑ Israeli Detains Meir Kahane’s Grandson, a Scion of Jewish Militancy The New York Times, 4 August 2015
  90. ↑ Sales, Ben (February 10, 2016). "Kahane’s Widow: Today's Jewish Extremists Have Failed to Live Up to Kahane's Way". Ha'aretz.
  91. ↑ Baltzer, Anna. Witness in Palestine: A Jewish American Woman in the Occupied Territories. page 279
  92. ↑ "Israeli 'Family Magazine' Fountains of Salvation Advocates Sending Arabs to Death Camps". Salem-News. Com. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  93. ↑ Jewish Terrorism in Israel. By Ami Pedahzur, Arie Perliger. 2009, page 73
  94. ↑ Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics. Paul A. Djupe, Laura R. Olson. 2003, page 239
  95. ↑ "Kahane party banned in Israeli election". Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  96. ↑ Stephen Franklin (October 19, 1988). "Court Upholds Kahane Party Ban". Chicago Tribune Post. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  97. ↑ DAN WILNER (December 26, 2012). "High Court Expected to Overturn Election Committee Ban on Zoabi". Hamodia. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  98. ↑ "Israeli Arab Barred From Running in Election". The Jewish Daily Forward. December 19, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  99. ↑ "Rabbi Meir Kahane debuts as a comic book hero", The Jerusalem Post

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