Metamaterial absorber

A metamaterial absorber is a type of metamaterial intended to efficiently absorb electromagnetic radiation such as light. Furthermore, metamaterials are an advance in materials science. Hence, those metamaterials that are designed to be absorbers offer benefits over conventional absorbers such as further miniaturization, wider adaptability, and increased effectiveness. Intended applications for the metamaterial absorber include emitters, photodetectors, sensors, spatial light modulators, infrared camouflage, wireless communication, and use in solar photovoltaics and thermophotovoltaics.

In addition, the advent of metamaterial absorbers enable researchers to further understand the theory of metamaterials which is derived from classical electromagnetic wave theory. This leads to understanding the material's capabilities and reasons for current limitations.[1]

Metamaterials

Interest in metamaterials is a result of their flexibility when interacting with and controlling electromagnetic radiation such as light. These are optical materials that can function in a manner similar to glass or prisms. However, these materials extend the capability to control the electromagnetic radiation that flows through them. Also the manner of control is different and new. With conventional materials the way to alter them is to add a chemical or material such as traces of lead added to glass. In contrast, it is the spacing and shape of a given metamaterial's components that define its use and the way it controls electromagnetic radiation. Unlike most conventional materials, researchers in this field can physically control electromagnetic radiation by altering the geometry of the material's components. Also, metamaterials have successfully interacted in electromagnetic bands across the spectrum from radio frequencies, to microwave, terahertz, across the infrared spectrum and almost to visible wavelengths.[1]

Absorbers

"An electromagnetic absorber neither reflects nor transmits the incident radiation. Therefore, the power of the impinging wave is mostly absorbed in the absorber materials. The performance of an absorber depends on its thickness and morphology, and also the materials used to fabricate it." [2]

For example, metamaterial absorbers can be used to improve the performance of photodetectors.[3] Metamaterial absorbers can also be used for enhancing absorption in both solar photovoltaic[4][5] and thermo-photovoltaic[6][7] applications. Skin depth engineering can be used in metamaterial absorbers in photovoltaic applications as well as other optoelectronic devices, where optimizing the device performance demands minimizing resistive losses and power consumption, such as photodetectors, laser diodes, and light emitting diodes.[8]

"A near unity absorber is a device in which all incident radiation is absorbed at the operating frequency–transmissivity, reflectivity, scattering and all other light propagation channels are disabled. Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers can be categorized into two types: resonant absorbers and broadband absorbers.[9]

About metamaterial absorbers

A metamaterial absorber utilizes the effective medium design of metamterials and the loss components of permittivity and magnetic permeability to create a material that has a high ratio of electromagnetic radiation absorption. Loss is noted in applications of negative refractive index (photonic metamaterials, antenna systems metamaterials) or transformation optics (metamaterial cloaking, celestial mechanics), but is typically undesired in these applications.[1][10]

Complex permittivity and permeability are derived from metamaterials using the effective medium approach. As effective media, metamaterials can be characterized with complex ε(w) = ε1 + iε2 for effective permittivity and µ(w) = µ1 + i µ2 for effective permeability. Complex values of permittivity and permeability typically correspond to attenuation in a medium. Most of the work in metamaterials is focused on the real parts of these parameters, which relate to wave propagation rather than attenuation. The loss (imaginary) components are small in comparison to the real parts and are often neglected in such cases.

However, the loss terms (ε2 and µ2) can also be engineered to create high attenuation and correspondingly large absorption. By independently manipulating resonances in ε and µ it is possible to absorb both the incident electric and magnetic field. Additionally, a metamaterial can be impedance-matched to free space by engineering its permittivity and permeability, minimizing reflectivity. Thus, it becomes a highly capable absorber.[1][10]

This approach can be used to create thin absorbers. Typical conventional absorbers are thick compared to wavelengths of interest,[11] which is a problem in many applications. Since metamaterials are characterized based on their subwavelength nature, they can be used to create effective yet thin absorbers. This is not limited to electromagnetic absorption either.[11]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Landy NI, et al. (2008-05-21). "Perfect Metamaterial Absorber" (PDF). Phys. Rev. Lett 100 (20): 207402 (2008) [4 pages]. arXiv:0803.1670. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100t7402L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.207402. PMID 18518577. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  2. ↑ Alici, Kamil Boratay; Bilotti, Filiberto; Vegni, Lucio; Ozbay, Ekmel (2010). "Experimental verification of metamaterial based subwavelength microwave absorbers" (Free PDF download). Journal of Applied Physics 108 (8): 083113. Bibcode:2010JAP...108h3113A. doi:10.1063/1.3493736.
  3. ↑ W. Li and J. Valentine, "Metamaterial Perfect Absorber Based Hot Electron Photodetection," Nano Letters, 14(6), 3510-3514. (2014)
  4. ↑ A. Vora, J. Gwamuri, N. Pala, A. Kulkarni, J.M. Pearce, and D. Ö. Güney, "Exchanging ohmic losses in metamaterial absorbers with useful optical absorption for photovoltaics," Sci. Rep. 4, 4901 (2014). doi:10.1038/srep04901 arxiv preprint
  5. ↑ Wang, Y., Sun, T., Paudel, T., Zhang, Y., Ren, Z., & Kempa, K. (2011). Metamaterial-plasmonic absorber structure for high efficiency amorphous silicon solar cells. Nano letters, 12(1), 440-445.
  6. ↑ Wu, C., Neuner III, B., John, J., Milder, A., Zollars, B., Savoy, S., & Shvets, G. (2012). Metamaterial-based integrated plasmonic absorber/emitter for solar thermo-photovoltaic systems. Journal of Optics, 14(2), 024005.
  7. ↑ Simovski, Constantin, Stanislav Maslovski, Igor Nefedov, and Sergei Tretyakov. "Optimization of radiative heat transfer in hyperbolic metamaterials for thermophotovoltaic applications." Optics express 21, no. 12 (2013): 14988-15013.
  8. ↑ Wyatt Adams, Ankit Vora, Jephias Gwamuri, Joshua M. Pearce, Durdu Ö. Guney. Controlling optical absorption in metamaterial absorbers for plasmonic solar cells. Proc. SPIE 9546, Active Photonic Materials VII, 95461M (August 31, 2015); doi:10.1117/12.2190396.
  9. ↑ Watts, Claire M.; Liu, Xianliang; Padilla, Willie J. (2012). "Metamaterial Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers" (Free PDF download available). Advanced Materials: n/a. doi:10.1002/adma.201200674.
  10. 1 2 Tao, Hu; et al. (2008-05-12). "A metamaterial absorber for the terahertz regime: Design, fabrication and characterization" (Free PDF download). Optics Express 16 (10): 7181–7188. arXiv:0803.1646. Bibcode:2008OExpr..16.7181T. doi:10.1364/OE.16.007181. PMID 18545422. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  11. 1 2 Yang, Z.; et al. (2010). "Acoustic metamaterial panels for sound attenuation in the 50–1000 Hz regime". Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 (4): 041906 [3 pages]. Bibcode:2010ApPhL..96d1906Y. doi:10.1063/1.3299007.

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