Metriacanthosaurus

Metriacanthosaurus Temporal range: Middle Jurassic, 160 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Life restoration
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Order:	Saurischia
Suborder:	Theropoda
Clade:	†Carnosauria
Family:	†Metriacanthosauridae
Subfamily:	†Metriacanthosaurinae
Genus:	†Metriacanthosaurus Walker, 1964
Type species
†Megalosaurus parkeri von Huene, 1923
Species
†Metriacanthosaurus parkeri (von Huene, 1923)
Synonyms
Megalosaurus parkeri von Huene, 1923 Altispinax parkeri (von Huene, 1923)

Metriacanthosaurus (meaning "moderately-spined lizard") is a genus of metriacanthosaurid dinosaur from the upper Oxford Clay of England, dating to the mid-Jurassic Period, about 160 million years ago (lower Oxfordian).

History of discovery

Reconstruction of the ilium

In 1923, German paleontologist Friedrich von Huene wrote a paper on Jurassic and Cretaceous European carnivorous dinosaurs. In this paper, he examined a specimen, OUM J.12144, including an incomplete hip, a leg bone, and part of a backbone, assigning it to a new species of Megalosaurus: Megalosaurus parkeri. The specific name honours W. Parker who in the nineteenth century had collected the fossils near Jordan's Cliff at Weymouth.^[1] These bones were from the Oxford Clay Formation, which is from the Upper Jurassic.^[2]

In 1932, however, von Huene concluded it was species of Altispinax, A. parkeri.^[3]

In 1964, scientist Alick Walker decided these fossils were too different from Altispinax, as it lacked the long vertebral spines, and named a new genus, Metriacanthosaurus.^[4] The generic name is derived from Greek metrikos, "moderate", and akantha, "spine". Metriacanthosaurus thus gets its name from its vertebrae, which are taller than typical carnosaurs, like Allosaurus, but lower than other high-spined dinosaurs like Acrocanthosaurus.

Description

Metriacanthosaurus was a medium-sized theropod with a femur length of eighty centimetres. Gregory S. Paul in 1988 estimated its weight at a tonne.^[5] Metriacanthosaurus was named for the height of its neural spines, which are actually not overly tall for theropods.^[2] They are similar to other theropods such as Megalosaurus, Sinraptor, and Ceratosaurus in being 1.5 times the height of the centrum.^[6]

Classification

Originally named as a species of Megalosaurus in Megalosauridae, Metriacanthosaurus was more likely a member of Metriacanthosauridae. It is thought to be related to genera such as Yangchuanosaurus, and in 1988 Paul synonymized the two genera. However, a 2007 review of British dinosaurs by Darren Naish and David Martill found that they were distinct. Metriacanthosaurus is the first genus of sinraptorid from Europe, being named before the other possibly member Lourinhanosaurus.^[2] Metriacanthosaurus is likely a member of the subfamily Metriacanthosaurinae.^[7]

Below is a simplified cladogram of Tetanurae by Matthew Carrano et al. (2012).^[7]

Metriacanthosauridae	Yangchuanosaurus zigongensis CV 00214 Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis Metriacanthosaurinae Shidaisaurus Metriacanthosaurus "Sinraptor" hepingensis Sinraptor dongi Siamotyrannus

References

1. von Huene, F. (1923). "Carnivorous Saurischia in Europe since the Triassic". Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 34: 449–458.
2. Naish, Darren; Martill, David M. (2007). "Dinosaurs of Great Britain and the role of the Geological Society of London in their discovery: basal Dinosauria and Saurischia". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 164: 493–510. doi:10.1144/0016-76492006-032. CiteSeerX: 10.1.1.394.9849.
3. von Huene, F. (1932). "Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte". Monographien zur Geologie und Palaeontologie 1 (4): 361.
4. Walker, Alick D. (1964). "Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 248: 53–134. doi:10.1098/rstb.1964.0009.
5. Paul, Gregory S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. New York: Simon & Schuster. line feed character in |location= at position 4 (help)
6. Benson, R. B. J.; Radley, J. D. (2010). "A New Large-Bodied Theropod Dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Warwickshire, United Kingdom". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55 (1): 35–42. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0083.
7. Carrano, M. T.; Benson, R. B. J.; Sampson, S. D. (2012). "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 211–300. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927.