Merit Network

Merit Network
Founded 1966 (1966)
Founder Michigan State University, University of Michigan, and Wayne State University
Type Non-profit member governed
Focus Internet networking
Location
Area served
 Primarily Michigan
Mission Encourage and promote computer resource sharing by building and operating a leading high-speed network and providing related services to the research, education, government, and non-profit communities
Website https://www.merit.edu
Formerly called
 Michigan Educational Research Information Triad

Merit Network, Inc., is a nonprofit member-governed organization providing high-performance computer networking and related services to educational, government, health care, and nonprofit organizations, primarily in Michigan.[1] Created in 1966, Merit operates the longest running regional computer network in the United States.

Organization

Original Merit logo, c. 1968

Created in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad by Michigan State University (MSU), the University of Michigan (U-M), and Wayne State University (WSU),[2] Merit was created to investigate resource sharing by connecting the mainframe computers at these three Michigan public research universities. Merit's initial three node packet-switched computer network was operational in October 1972 using custom hardware based on DEC PDP-11 minicomputers and software developed by the Merit staff and the staffs at the three universities.

Over the next dozen years the initial network grew as new services such as dial-in terminal support, remote job submission, remote printing, and file transfer were added; as gateways to the national and international Tymnet, Telenet, and Datapac networks were established, as support for the X.25 and TCP/IP protocols was added; as additional computers such as WSU's MVS system and the UM's electrical engineering's VAX running UNIX were attached; and as new universities became Merit members.

Merit's involvement in national networking activities started in the mid-1980s with connections to the national supercomputing centers and work on the 56 kbit/s National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET), the forerunner of today's Internet. From 1987 until April 1995, Merit re-engineered and managed the NSFNET backbone service.[3]

MichNet, Merit's regional network in Michigan was attached to NSFNET and in the early 1990s Merit began extending "the Internet" throughout Michigan, offering both direct connect and dial-in services, and upgrading the statewide network from 56 kbit/s to 1.5 Mbit/s, and on to 45, 155, 622 Mbit/s, and eventually 1 and 10 Gbit/s. In 2003 Merit began its transition to a facilities based network, using fiber optic facilities that it shares with its members, that it purchases or leases under long term agreements, or that it builds.

In addition to network connectivity services, Merit offers a number of related services within Michigan and beyond, including: Internet2 connectivity, VPN, Network monitoring, Voice over IP (VOIP), Cloud storage, E-mail, Domain Name, Network Time, VMware and Zimbra software licensing, Colocation, Michigan Cyber Range cybersecurity courses, and professional development seminars, workshops, classes, conferences, and meetings.

History

Creating the network: 1966 to 1973

The Michigan Educational Research Information Triad (MERIT) was formed in the fall of 1966 by Michigan State University (MSU), University of Michigan (U-M), and Wayne State University (WSU).[2] More often known as the Merit Computer Network or simply Merit, it was created to design and implement a computer network connecting the mainframe computers at the universities.

In the fall of 1969, after funding for the initial development of the network had been secured, Bertram Herzog was named director for MERIT.[4][5] Eric Aupperle was hired as senior engineer, and was charged with finding hardware to make the network operational.[6] The National Science Foundation (NSF) and the State of Michigan provided the initial funding for the network.

Merit PDP-11 based Primary Communications Processor (PCP) at the University of Michigan, c. 1975

In June 1970, the Applied Dynamics Division of Reliance Electric in Saline, Michigan was contracted to build three Communication Computers or CCs.[2] Each would consist of a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-11 computer, dataphone interfaces, and interfaces that would attach them directly to the mainframe computers. The cost was to be slightly less than the $300,000 ($1,828,000, adjusted for inflation) originally budgeted. Merit staff wrote the software that ran on the CCs, while staff at each of the universities wrote the mainframe software to interface to the CCs.

The first completed connection linked the IBM S/360-67 mainframe computers running the Michigan Terminal System at WSU and U-M, and was publicly demonstrated on December 14, 1971.[7] The MSU node was completed in October 1972, adding a CDC 6500 mainframe running Scope/Hustler.[8] The network was officially dedicated on May 15, 1973.[9]

Expanding the network: 1974 to 1985

In 1974, Herzog[10] returned to teaching in the University of Michigan's Industrial Engineering Department, and Aupperle was appointed as director.

Use of the all uppercase name "MERIT" was abandoned in favor of the mixed case "Merit".[2]

The first network connections were host to host interactive connections which allowed person to remote computer or local computer to remote computer interactions. To this, terminal to host connections, batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), and interactive file copy were added.[11] And, in addition to connecting to host computers over custom hardware interfaces, the ability to connect to hosts or other networks over groups of asynchronous ports and via X.25 were added.[2]

Merit interconnected with Telenet (later SprintNet) in 1976 to give Merit users dial-in access from locations around the United States.[2] Dial-in access within the U.S. and internationally was further expanded via Merit's interconnections to Tymnet, ADP's Autonet, and later still the IBM Global Network as well as Merit's own expanding network of dial-in sites in Michigan, New York City, and Washington, D.C.

In 1978, Western Michigan University (WMU) became the fourth member of Merit (prompting a name change, as the acronym Merit no longer made sense as the group was no longer a triad).

To expand the network, the Merit staff developed new hardware interfaces for the Digital PDP-11 based on printed circuit technology. The new system became known as the Primary Communications Processor (PCP), with the earliest PCPs connecting a PDP-10 located at WMU and a DEC VAX running UNIX at U-M's Electrical Engineering department.[2]

A second hardware technology initiative in 1983 produced the smaller Secondary Communication Processors (SCP) based on DEC LSI-11 processors. The first SCP was installed at the Michigan Union in Ann Arbor, creating UMnet, which extended Merit's network connectivity deeply into the U-M campus.[2]

In 1983 Merit's PCP and SCP software was enhanced to support TCP/IP[12] and Merit interconnected with the ARPANET.[13]

National networking, NSFNET, and the Internet: 1986 to 1995

In 1986 Merit engineered and operated leased lines and satellite links that allowed the University of Michigan to access the supercomputing facilities at Pittsburgh, San Diego, and NCAR.[13]

NSFNET logo
T3 NSFNET Backbone, c. 1992

In 1987, Merit, IBM and MCI submitted a winning proposal to NSF to implement a new NSFNET backbone network.[3] The new NSFNET backbone network service began 1 July 1988. It interconnected supercomputing centers around the country at 1.5 megabits per second (T1), 24 times faster than the 56 kilobits-per-second speed of the previous network. The NSFNET backbone grew to link scientists and educators on university campuses nationwide and connect them to their counterparts around the world.[14]

The NSFNET project caused substantial growth at Merit, nearly tripling the staff and leading to the establishment of a new 24-hour Network Operations Center at the U-M Computer Center.[13]

In September 1990 in anticipation of the NSFNET T3 upgrade and the approaching end of the 5-year NSFNET cooperative agreement, Merit, IBM, and MCI formed Advanced Network and Services (ANS), a new non-profit corporation with a more broadly based Board of Directors than the Michigan-based Merit Network.[15] Under its cooperative agreement with NSF, Merit remained ultimately responsible for the operation of NSFNET, but subcontracted much of the engineering and operations work to ANS.

In 1991 the NSFNET backbone service was expanded to additional sites and upgraded to a more robust 45 Mbit/s (T3) based network.[3] The new T3 backbone was named ANSNet and provided the physical infrastructure used by Merit to deliver the NSFNET Backbone Service.

On April 30, 1995 the NSFNET project came to an end, when the NSFNET backbone service was decommissioned and replaced by a new Internet architecture with commercial ISPs interconnected at Network Access Points provided by multiple providers across the country.[3]

Bringing the Internet to Michigan: 1985 to 2001

New Merit logo, c. 1990

During the 1980s, Merit Network grew to serve eight member universities, with Oakland University joining in 1985 and Central Michigan University, Eastern Michigan University, and Michigan Technological University joining in 1987.[13]

MichNet logo, c. 1990

In 1990, Merit's board of directors formally changed the organization's name to Merit Network, Inc., and created the name MichNet to refer to Merit's statewide network. The board also approved a staff proposal to allow organizations other than publicly supported universities, referred to as affiliates, to be served by MichNet without prior board approval.[13]

1992 saw major upgrades of the MichNet backbone to use Cisco routers in addition to the PDP-11 and LSI-11 based PCPs and SCPs. This was also the start of relentless upgrades to higher and higher speeds, first from 56 kbit/s to T1 (1.5 Mbit/s) followed by multiple T1s (3.0 to 10.5 Mbit/s), T3 (45 Mbit/s), OC3c (155 Mbit/s), OC12c (622 Mbit/s), and eventually one and ten gigabits (1000 to 10,000 Mbit/s).

In 1993 Merit's first Network Access Server (NAS) using RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) was deployed.[16] The NASs supported dial-in access separate from the Merit PCPs and SCPs.

In 1993 Merit started what would become an eight-year phase out of its aging PCP and SCP technology. By 1998 the only PCPs still in service were supporting Wayne State University's MTS mainframe host. During their remarkably long twenty-year life cycle the number of PCPs and SCPs in service reached a high of roughly 290 in 1991, supporting a total of about 13,000 asynchronous ports and numerous LAN and WAN gateways.[13]

MichNet Shared Dial-in Map, c. 1996

In 1994 the Merit Board endorsed a plan to expand the MichNet shared dial-in service, leading to a rapid expansion of the Internet dial-in service over the next several years.[17][18] In 1994 there were 38 shared dial-in sites.[19] By 1996 there were 131 shared dial-in sites and more than 92% of Michigan residents could reach the Internet with a local phone call.[19] And by the end of 2001 there were 10,733 MichNet shared dial-in lines in over 200 Michigan cities plus New York City, Washington, D.C., and Windsor, Ontario, Canada.[20] As an outgrowth of this work, in 1997, Merit created the Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Consortium.

During 1994 an expanded K-12 outreach program at Merit helped lead the formation of six regional K-12 groups known as Hubs. The Hubs and Merit applied for and were awarded funding from the Ratepayer fund, which as part of a settlement of an earlier Ameritech of Michigan ratepayer overcharge, had been established by Michigan Public Service Commission to further the K-12 community’s network connectivity.[17]

During the 1990s, Merit added Grand Valley State University (1994), Northern Michigan University (1994), Lake Superior State University (1997), and Ferris State University (1998) as members.[13] By 1999, Merit had 163 affiliate members, with 401 attachments from 353 separate locations.

Merit was involved in a number of projects in cooperation with organizations throughout Michigan, including:

Transition to the commercial Internet, Internet2 and the vBNS: 1994 to 2005

In 1994, as the NSFNET project was drawing to a close, Merit organized the meetings for the North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG). NANOG evolved from the NSFNET "Regional-Techs" meetings, where technical staff from the regional networks met to discuss operational issues of common concern with each other and with the Merit engineering staff. At the February 1994 regional techs meeting in San Diego, the group revised its charter[22] to include a broader base of network service providers, and subsequently adopted NANOG as its new name.

Also starting in 1994, Merit developed the Routing Assets Database (RADb) as part of the NSF-funded Routing Arbiter Project.[23][24]

MichNet Backbone Map, c. 2004

MichNet obtained its initial commodity Internet access, a T3 (45 Mbit/s), from the commercial ISP, internetMCI.

In 1996 Merit became an affiliate member of Internet2, in 1997 established its first connection to the NSF very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), and in February 1999 began serving as Michigan's GigaPOP for Internet2 service.[25]

Following the NSFNET project Merit lead a number of activities with a national or international scope, including:

In 2000, Merit spun off two for-profit companies: NextHop Technologies, which developed and marketed GateD routing software, and Interlink Networks, which specialized in authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) software.[27]

Eric Aupperle retired as president in 2001, after 27 years at Merit.[28][29][30][31] He was appointed President Emeritus by the Merit board.[20] Hunt Williams became Merit's new president.[32]

Creating a facilities based network, adding new services: 2003 to the present

In 2004 Michael R. McPherson was named Merit's interim president and CEO.[20][33]

In January 2005 Merit and Internet2 moved into the new Michigan Information Technology Center (MITC) in Ann Arbor.

In 2006, Dr. Donald J. Welch was named president and CEO of Merit Network, Inc.[34]

In December 2006 Merit and OSTN partner to provide IPTV to Michigan institutions.[35] OSTN is a global television network devoted to student-produced programming.

In July 2007, Merit decommissioned its dial-up services.

During the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s Merit operated what is known as a "value-added network" where individual data circuits were leased on a relatively short term basis (one to three or sometimes five years) from traditional telecommunications providers such as Ameritech, GTE, Sprint, and MCI and assembled into a larger network by adding routers and other equipment. This worked well for many years, but as data rates continued to increase from kilobits, to megabits, to gigabits the cost of leasing the higher speed data circuits became significant. As a result, the alternative of building its network using "dark fiber" that Merit owned or leased on a relatively longer term basis (10, 20, or more years) under what are known as "Indefeasible Rights of Use" (IRU) as well as using or sharing fiber that is owned by its members became attractive.

Merit's statewide fiber-optic network strategy began to take shape when:

Merit Network backbone, January 2009

In July 2008, Merit began upgrading its core backbone network to 10 gigabits and installing five new Juniper MX480 routers. This upgrade was completed in May 2009 with seven backbone nodes in Grand Rapids, East Lansing, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Kalamazoo, and Chicago (2) all operating at 10 Gbit/s. Also during May 2009 Merit replaced its four 1 Gbit/s links to the commodity Internet with two 10 Gbit/s links over diverse paths to two different Tier 1 providers. And in October 2009 the links from Ann Arbor to Jackson and from Jackson and East Lansing were upgraded to 10 Gbit/s.

In January 2010, Merit and its partners, ACD.net; Lynx Network Group, LLC;[38] and TC3Net; learned that their REACH-3MC (Rural, Education, Anchor, Community and Healthcare - Michigan Middle Mile Collaborative) proposal had been awarded ~$33.3M in grants and loans from the Broadband Technology Opportunities Program (BTOP), part of the federal stimulus package. REACH-3MC will build a 1,017-mile (1,637 km) optical fiber extension into rural and underserved communities in 32 counties in Michigan's lower peninsula.[39]

In August 2010, Merit and its REACH-3MC partners were selected to receive US$69.6M in a second round of federal stimulus funding to build an additional 1,270 miles (2,040 km) of optical fiber in the northern lower peninsula and upper peninsula of Michigan and extending into Wisconsin.[40]

At NANOG's 50th meeting in Atlanta in October 2010, members of the NANOG community supported a charter amendment to transition the hosting of NANOG following the February 2011 NANOG meeting to NewNOG, a newly formed non-profit.[41]

On February 16, 2012, Merit's President and CEO, Donald Welch was honored as an Innovator in Infrastructure and "Champion of Change" during a ceremony that took place at the White House.[42]

In August 2012, Merit announced that the first site of the Michigan Cyber Range would be installed at Eastern Michigan University. Merit hosts and operates the Michigan Cyber Range, a cybersecurity learning environment that, like a test track or a firing range, enables individuals and organizations to conduct "live fire" exercises, simulations that test the detection and reaction skills of participants in a variety of situations. Merit is partnering with the State of Michigan, Eastern Michigan University, Ferris State University, and others to provide this invaluable learning environment, which trains students and IT professionals to be better prepared for cyberattacks and how to react to Internet security situations.[43][44]

In January 2013, the Michigan Cyber Range began a collaboration arrangement with Mile2,[45] a developer and provider of vendor neutral professional certifications for the cyber security industry. Mile2 provides course materials, instructors and certification exams to the Michigan Cyber Range.[46] Mile2 is recognized by the National Security Agency (NSA) as an Information Assurance (IA) Courseware Institution. Mile2 is NSA CNSS-accredited as well as NIST and NICCS mapped.[47]

On April 8, 2013, Merit announced that round 1 of REACH-3MC construction was complete with fiber-optic cable along the 1,017-mile (1,637 km) network extension through rural and under served areas in Michigan's Lower Peninsula, including all 55 fiber-optic lateral connections to Merit Members from the middle-mile infrastructure.[48] Portions of the fiber-optic network extension had been in use prior to the completion of round 1.

In May 2013, Merit hosted its 15th annual Merit Member Conference [49] and its first annual Michigan Cybersecurity Industry Summit in Ann Arbor.

In June 2013, Merit honored as both a 2013 Computerworld Honors Laureate and 21st Century Achievement Award Winner for its REACH-3MC fiber-optic network project. Merit Network CEO and President Don Welch was honored at a gala celebration in Washington, D.C.[50]

During the summer of 2013, Merit’s Michigan Cyber Range debuted its cybersecurity training environment, Alphaville. The platform was used for training exercises, including a red team-blue team event conducted with the West Michigan Cyber Security Consortium (WMCSC).[51]

In September 2013, Merit launched Merit Secure Sandbox, a secure environment that can be used by organizations for educational purposes, cybersecurity exercises, and software testing.[52] In September, the Michigan Cyber Range also added a SCADA component to Alphaville.[53]

Merit today

Today, in addition to network connectivity, Merit offers:[54]

References

  1. ↑ Bylaws of Merit Network, Inc.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Merit–Who, What, and Why, Part One: The Early Years, 1964-1983", Eric M. Aupperle, Merit Network, Inc., in Library Hi Tech, vol. 16, No. 1 (1998)
  3. 1 2 3 4 NSFNET: A Partnership for High-Speed Networking, Final Report, 1987-1995, Karen D. Frazer, Merit Network, Inc.
  4. ↑ A Chronicle of Merit's Early History, John Mulcahy, Merit Network, Inc., 1989
  5. ↑ "Bert Herzog, 1929-2008: Remembrances and Recollections", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.28, no.5, pp. 6-9 (Sep./Oct. 2008), doi:10.1109/MCG.2008.91
  6. ↑ "40 years and going strong: Internet pioneer [Eric Aupperle of] Merit celebrates and looks ahead", Jim Duffy, Network World, November 10, 2006
  7. ↑ UM and Wayne State connect their computing centers via MERIT, University of Michigan Board of Regents, Regents' Proceedings, March 1972, p. 1416
  8. ↑ "CDC 6000 Operating System (SCOPE/Hustler)", web page by Mark Riordan at Michigan State University
  9. ↑ Merit Timeline
  10. ↑ "SIGGRAPH Community mourns the death of Bertram Herzog, an early advocate of computer networking", July 18, 2008, ACM SIGGRAPH web page
  11. ↑ "Merit's Evolution—Statistically Speaking", Eric M. Aupperle, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol.32 No.10 (October 1983), pp. 881-902
  12. ↑ Merit had the distinction of being the first network to concurrently support both connection-based protocols (its own internal protocol and X.25) and the connectionless TCP/IP protocols.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Merit–Who, What, and Why, Part Two: The Middle Years, 1983-1993", Eric M. Aupperle, Merit Network, Inc., in Library Hi Tech, vol. 16, No. 1 (1998)
  14. ↑ From the NSFNET mid-project review conducted by NSF in May 1989: "One of the most important successes of the NSFNET backbone project has been the demonstration that universities and major high-tech corporations can combine and collaborate in running a large production facility and do it well. It is worth emphasizing this, since the popular wisdom holds that: (a) universities cannot run a production operation, and (b) that university-industry collaborations are only useful for advanced research projects. What the MERIT-IBM-MCI team has demonstrated is that a collaboration between academia and industry is very useful in setting up a production system involving innovative management and new technologies."
  15. ↑ "The Technology Timetable", Link Letter, November 1992, p. 8, NSFNET Information Services, Merit Network, Inc., Ann Arbor
  16. ↑ The Beginnings and History of RADIUS, John Vollbrecht, 2006, Interlink Networks, LLC, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Merit–Who, What, and Why, Part Three: Recent Events, 1993-1998", Eric M. Aupperle, Merit Network, Inc., in Library Hi Tech, vol. 16, No. 1 (1998)
  18. ↑ "A Breed Apart: The Dial-In Men", David Greenfield, Network Magazine, December 1, 2000
  19. 1 2 Merit Timeline
  20. 1 2 3 Merit Timeline
  21. ↑ "About MiCTA", web page
  22. ↑ Original 1994 NANOG Charter
  23. ↑ NSF Solicitation 93-52 - Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program, May 6, 1993
  24. ↑ The Routing Arbiter Project, Project History, Merit Network, Inc.
  25. ↑ "Merit–Who, What, and Why, Part Four: The Future, 1998+", Eric M. Aupperle, Merit Network, Inc., in Library Hi Tech, vol. 16, No. 1 (1998)
  26. ↑ "Internet Performance Measurement and Analysis (IPMA)", web page, Merit Network, Inc.
  27. ↑ About Interlink Networks, web site
  28. ↑ "Regents' Roundup: Thirteen receive emeritus status", University Record, Vol.57, No.21 (February 18, 2002), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  29. ↑ "Applause: Aupperle receives Outstanding Engineer Award, Third Millennium Medal", University Record, Vol.55, No.31 (May 8, 2000), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  30. ↑ IEEE/SEM Section Award Recipients Outstanding Engineer Award, Wavelengths Newsletter, Vol.39, No.7 (April 2000), IEEE Southeastern Michigan Section (SEM) Section Website
  31. ↑ Eric M. Aupperle receives the Alumni Society Medal, the highest honor given by the Alumni Society of the College of Engineering at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor to graduates who have excelled in a technical field. Aupperle is a research scientist emeritus at the university in electrical and computer engineering, IEEE member recognitions, January 2004
  32. ↑ "New President Arrives at Merit", Susan Harris, MichNet News, Vol.15 No.2 (September 2001), p. 1, Merit Network, Inc.
  33. ↑ Michael R. McPherson, web page, University of Virginia
  34. ↑ Merit History, web page, Merit Network, Inc.
  35. ↑ "Merit Network and OSTN Unite to Provide IPTV to Michigan Institutions", November 30, 2006, Press Release, Open Student Television Network
  36. ↑ Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR), web page, ITS Networking & Telecommunications, Information and Technology Services (ITS), University of Michigan
  37. ↑ "Merit Network Celebrates the Completion of its "Blue-Line" Fiber-Optic Network", January 12, 2010, Press Release, Merit Network, Inc.
  38. ↑ "Lynx Network Group". Lynx Network Group. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  39. ↑ "Merit Network wins REACH-3MC Broadband Stimulus Proposal", January 20, 2010, Press Release, Merit Network, Inc.
  40. ↑ "Merit Network Receives second Broadband Stimulus Award—REACH-3MC II", August 24, 2010, Press Release, Merit Network, Inc.
  41. ↑ NANOG Community Endorses Organizational Changes, October 6, 2010, in Merit Network News & Press Release Archive
  42. ↑ Champions of Change: Recovery Act, February 2013, web page, White House
  43. ↑ "Merit Network Developing First Michigan ‘Cyber Range’ At EMU", Matt Roush, CBS Detroit, August 9, 2012
  44. ↑ "Michigan Cyber Range"
  45. ↑ "Merit Network Announces Collaborative Partnership with Mile2 for Michigan Cyber Range Courseware", web page, Bloomberg, Jan. 31, 2013
  46. ↑ "Internationally Recognized Cyber Security Certifications", web page, Mile2
  47. ↑ "National Security Agency (NSA) and the Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) recognizes mile2’s certification courseware", web page, Mile2
  48. ↑ "Merit Completes Round 1 REACH-3MC Construction", Greg Monroe, Merit Network, April 8, 2013
  49. ↑ "Merit Member Conference", web page, Merit Network. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  50. ↑ "Merit Network Wins Computerworld Honors Program 21st Century Achievement Award", press release, Merit Network, June 4, 2013.
  51. ↑ "West Michigan Cyber Security Consortium Conducting Cybersecurity Excercise [sic] Using Michigan Cyber Range", Matt Roush, CBS Detroit, July 17, 2013.
  52. ↑ "Merit Secure Sandbox", web page, Merit Network. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  53. ↑ "Michigan Cyber Range to Debut SCADA Security Training Component", Matt Roush, CBS Detroit, September 24, 2013.
  54. ↑ Services, web page, Merit Network, Inc.
  55. ↑ Community Development, web page, Merit Network, Inc.
  56. ↑ "Merit Blog", web page, Merit Network

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, February 02, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.