Michèle Renouf
- Not to be confused with Susan, Lady Renouf, ex-wife of former Australian Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock.
Michèle, Lady Renouf | |
---|---|
Born |
Michèle Suzanne Mainwaring 1946 (age 69–70) Australia |
Residence | London, England |
Education | Newcastle Technical College, National Art School, Royal Academy of Dancing, English Gardening School |
Occupation | Advertising actress and documentary film producer |
Website | http://www.birobidjan.co.uk |
Michèle Suzanne, Lady Renouf (née Mainwaring, born 1946) is an Australian-born British advertising model, and a lifelong international television commercials actress with a thirty-year membership of British Actors Equity.[1]
She has become known in recent years for her defence of Holocaust deniers such as David Irving, Robert Faurisson, Bishop Richard Williamson,[2] Germar Rudolf, Ernst Zündel, and Fredrick Töben in broadcasts and her Telling Films documentaries. Though not a revisionist author or researcher herself, she has been frequently characterized by opponents as a Holocaust denier.[3][4][5] Renouf has also described Judaism as a "repugnant and hateful religion."[6]
Early life
Born Michèle Mainwaring, in childhood she became a ballet dancer and Member of the Royal Academy of Dancing; and a model, appearing in magazine advertisements and international television commercials. In her teens she became a beauty queen, winning several titles including Miss Newcastle & Hunter Valley 1968.[4] She was also active from childhood in charity fundraising, including with Radio 2HD, and latterly as Miss Radio 2HD Beach Girl.
Education
In 1968 she graduated with a Diploma in Art (Education) after four years training at what became Newcastle Technical College, then affiliated to the National Art School and now part of the Hunter Institute. During 1991-92, Renouf gained a diploma in Landscape Design at the English Gardening School. From 1999 to 2001, she studied for a post-graduate degree in the Psychology of Religion at the Heythrop College, University of London.
Marriages
Daniel Ivan-Zadeh
Her first marriage in January 1970 was to Daniel Ivan-Zadeh, a consultant psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, and descendant of Russian nobility whose family had fled from the collapsing Russian Empire during the Bolshevik October Revolution in 1917, changing their surname on arrival in Persia.[7] Mainwaring adopted his family title of Countess Griaznoff as a social tool to enhance charity fundraising.[6]
During the 1970s and 1980s her charity related endeavours (which included aiding Russian refugees) regularly appeared in society publications such as Tatler and the Court Circular,[8] including numerous events under Royal patronage. At this time she was recruited to the Ladies Committee of the European-Atlantic Group[9] (after more than twenty years service she was ousted in 2000 after the Group's founder, former intelligence officer Elma Dangerfield,[10] objected to Renouf inviting David Irving as her guest to an E-AG dinner).[11] Negative publicity did not arise until her second marriage.
Sir Frank Renouf
Her first marriage ended in a 1990 divorce, and in 1991 she married New Zealander Sir Francis Renouf, a merchant banker and former POW in a German camp, who had worked alongside Hermann Abs of the Deutsche Bank to reconstruct Germany's postwar banking system.[12] At the time of the wedding, Sir Francis was seventy-two years old and his wife forty-four years of age.
Asked by the press about his reaction to marrying a Countess, Sir Francis told society columnist Nigel Dempster: "... obviously it's a Russian title, but she's called Lady Renouf now so it doesn't matter."[13] Their matrimonial home in Eaton Square, Belgravia, was the former home of Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister from May 1937 to May 1940. Sir Francis was the focus of media interest after losing a substantial part of his fortune and investors' money in the 1987 stockmarket crash and undergoing a dramatic divorce from his second wife in Sydney. The new Lady Renouf found herself the subject of their reporting, as there was already a considerable tabloid media circus surrounding Sir Francis's second wife. They interviewed her long estranged and terminally ill father Arthur Mainwaring, who was a Korean War reconnaissance aerial photographer and continued this role for the local Port Macquarie News. Arthur Mainwaring, whose parents owned a hotel by the ocean at The Entrance, had also been a part-time courier driver to aid local businesses when travelling between his coastal home and his city studio 100 miles away (allowing the press to have further fun at Sir Francis's expense by portraying his new wife as the daughter of a truck driver). According to The Age, the marriage dissolved after a few months following articles which portrayed Lady Renouf as from humble origins in Australia (incorrectly suggesting that she had claimed noble origins herself, rather than as a courtesy title on account of her husband's heredity):
"Their union collapsed in 1991 after only a few months, when Sir Frank reportedly discovered the then Countess Griaznoff was a truckie's daughter from The Entrance, on the NSW central coast and not a Russian noblewoman. He later described the marriage as a "nasty accident".[6]
Sir Francis and Lady Renouf parted company shortly after the media ridicule surrounding their marriage, which formally ended in divorce five years later, despite his attempts at reconciliation. He suffered a heart attack and stroke soon after the divorce was finalised.
Career
Lecturer and educator
Renouf spent time as a lecturer in Fine Arts at Queensland University of Technology shortly after graduating in 1968. She culminated twenty years ballet training by commencing a licentiateship in ballet teaching and choreography at the Royal Academy of Dance in Knightsbridge in 1970.
Design
Renouf designed a hillside-sized maze garden for family friend Prince Fahd bin Salman in the form of a horse's head, as a tribute to the Saudi Prince's 1991 Derby winning horse Generous. During this same period she also designed an Elizabethan Knot and Maze Garden for the reconstruction of William Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre.[14]
Model and actress
Renouf is an international model and actress. She has appeared in television commercials worldwide, including advertisements for companies such as BMW, Heinz, British Airways, Supradyn Vitamins, Barclays, Capital One, Tchibo, Lenthéric, Ireland on Sunday, Nescafé, and France Telecom.
She lost her starring role in the stage play Wagner by Rudolf Sabor after her writings, the controversial papers "Wagner and Judaism: Inspirational or Conspiratorial?", and "Moses and Wagner: Two Advertising Legends in Tribal Mystique" from the Heidelberg Conference in 1998, were brought to light.
Film producer
In 2001 she archived on film a series of interviews with British veterans of the 1945-48 conflict in Palestine. Surprised by the absence of mainstream media interest in their eyewitness testimony, she made her first documentary film Palestine Scrapbook which was screened at the House of Commons in 2001[15] and House of Lords in 2002.[15] A sequel Israel in Flagrante, featuring the anti-Zionist, haredi rabbis of the Neturei Karta, was shown at the Cairo Anti-war Conference in 2004.[15] These interviews and other Palestine veterans' testimony are now archived at St. Antony's College, Oxford.[16]
In 2006 she released the documentary "Jailing Opinions", and she is currently working on a new documentary called "Pious Piracy", which documents the thesis of philologist and Sanskrit scholar Dr Christian Lindtner that the Lotus Sutra is the blueprint for the Christian gospels.
Charity
Globe Theatre Advisory Board
During her honeymoon in New Zealand in the early 1990s, Renouf had been invited to add stitches to a giant New Zealand wool tapestry curtain which was its national contribution to the Globe Theatre reconstruction project. This led to her joining the Globe's advisory board on her return to London and raising funds for the restoration. Renouf and her "Coterie" sponsored the building of the Globe's Wardrobe of Robes Room. Her design for an Elizabethan Knot Garden outside the Globe was blocked by the Provost of Southwark Cathedral, Colin Slee, who objected to the possibility that his windows might be overlooked by members of the public.[17]
Activism
After providing legal support to Bishop Richard Williamson, Renouf explained to The Sunday Telegraph in March 2009, "our concern is not Holocaust denial, but debate denial. People should have the freedom to question the accepted view of what happened. That questioning is part of our culture."[18]
She has said her interest began when a Jewish member of a committee which she had convened objected to suckling pig being an option on the menu at a dinner she was organising in 1997 for the Globe restoration. The Australian traced the woman, a "retired American art gallery owner named Wylma Wayne", who denied Renouf's recollections and insisted that her objections had not been related to kosher issues.[4]
A curiosity about the fear of being labelled antisemitic prompted her to research and produce a limited edition monograph in 1998 on Judaism and Wagner's 19th century antisemitism. Her thesis was (and remains) that Jewish behaviour (as criticised by "antisemites") is not genetic but mimetic.
David Irving
When Renouf read a quotation from Holocaust denier David Irving in a newspaper article on Irving's libel case against the historian Deborah Lipstadt, she first became interested in the use of the term Holocaust in relation to World War II history, having had no special interest in or knowledge of the period previously. She attended the two-month-long hearing and expressed interest in Irving's ideas and the reaction to them. "I found on Irving's side of the courtroom a solitary person representing himself, backed up by enormous forensic research and tremendously capable debate based on substance and fact... On the other side of the courtroom I saw 21-25 people with laptops connected it seems to the Israeli government."[19] In 2001, she attempted to obtain funding for David Irving from the Saudi Prince Fahd bin Salman, though the Prince died before arrangements could be made.[20]
In the same year, she wrote a letter to the Evening Standard newspaper in London complaining of biased BBC coverage of the Irving-Lipstadt trial, signing it "Lady Renouf, Reform Club, 104 Pall Mall". This led to an unsuccessful effort to expel her from the Reform Club in September 2002, when she was defended by fellow Club member Bob Worcester.[21] In May 2003 Renouf's critics succeeded in expelling her from the Club,[22] after a critical article in the Independent on Sunday by Johann Hari - who at the time was taken as a reliable source, though he was discredited in 2011 after numerous allegations of plagiarism and faked interviews.[23] Irving had already been banned by the club in 2001 (though he was allegedly not in breach of any club rule) after attending a function as Renouf's guest soon after losing his civil libel action.[24]
After his arrest in Austria in 2005, Renouf organised financial support for David Irving's family, maintained his website and traveled with friends to Vienna to support Irving during his trial for denying the Holocaust, saying "I am here to see a freed Irving and a freed Austria from this totalitarian law [punishing Holocaust denial]." Interviewed at the court, she called for "so-called Holocaust victims" to be "exhumed to see whether they died from typhoid or gas".[25] In November 2006 though, while Irving was in prison, the leadership of the far-right British National Party, prevented her from addressing its Croydon branch on Irving's situation as "her presence would put the BNP in a bad light".[26] The previous year, Renouf had shared a platform with Nick Griffin and David Duke in the United States.[27]
Fredrick Töben
In October–November 2008, Renouf recruited lawyers for the Australian Fredrick Töben, of the Adelaide Institute, an organisation dedicated to challenging "the Holocaust myth", after he was arrested at London's Heathrow Airport under a European Arrest Warrant.[28][29] Renouf and Töben were appointed to the "International Fact Finding Committee on the Holocaust" at the conclusion of the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust in Tehran in December 2006.
Bishop Richard Williamson
Within weeks of the Töben defence team's success, a new legal threat was posed to the British Bishop Richard Williamson following the broadcast by Swedish television of his comments disputing details of the Holocaust.[30] Knowing of the legal precedent achieved after Renouf's mobilisation of the Töben defence team, the Bishop's supporters arranged for Renouf to attend Heathrow Airport on 25 February 2009, in readiness with her legal defence team poised to assist Williamson with his arrival in London. This was in case he was detained in similar fashion to Töben.[18]
Conferences, debates, trials, and associations
Between 2004 and 2006 Renouf spoke at numerous Holocaust denial meetings, Real History Conferences and American Free Press events in Europe, the U.S. and Canada, and attended the trials of Holocaust deniers Ernst Zündel, Germar Rudolf and Robert Faurisson, culminating in her DVD Jailing Opinions in 2006.[31]
In 2004, Renouf attended The Institute for Historical Review conference in California, delivering a speech to hundreds.[32] She attended the International Conference - Holocaust Review: A Global Vision in Tehran, Iran, in December 2006.[33] In her address, the "Psychology of Holocaustianity", she described Judaism as possessing a "dangerously misanthropic tendency" and "fundamentally anti-Gentile narcissism." In 2009, Renouf attended a European Parliament-sponsored conference in Brussels, titled "Denial and Democracy in Europe," where she gave an address.[34][35]
During 2007-8 she appeared in televised debates with Stephen Sizer, Norman Finkelstein,[36] former CIA station chief George Lambrakis,[37] and Likud strategist Dmitry Shimelfarb[38] as well as TV broadcasts with Dr. Christian Lindtner,[39] Yaqub Zaki, Peter Rushton, Nicholas Kollerstrom, Moeen Yaseen, Riad Al-Taher, Mohammad Saeed Bahmanpour and Press TV's Between the Headlines.
Renouf appeared at David Duke's EURO Conference in New Orleans in 2005, which included guests such as Nick Griffin and Simon Darby from the British National Party, Karl Richter from the Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands, Swedish politician Vávra Suk, as well as leaders from the National Front in France and South Africa.[40] She was also pictured on the British People's Party's website addressing their 2007 St George's Day event in Hove,[41] having previously also spoken at a meeting in Leeds for the party.[42]
In January 2009 she was photographed in Paris visiting the nightclub act of Dieudonné M'bala M'bala with Robert Faurisson and his family and friends on the occasion of Faurisson's 80th birthday.[43] In March 2009 she met former U.S. Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney in London at the "Forum on Gaza Genocide: Solution for Palestine," where the two were photographed together. McKinney was attacked by the press for associating with the far-right.[44]
International affairs
In January 2010, Renouf participated in a conference on the U.N. Security Council at the British House of Lords, which included former British ambassador Oliver Miles. She spoke in favor of a more independent security council to correct the bias of the privileged veto, and advocated for support of Birobidjan.[45]
Literature references
Renouf has been mentioned throughout the world in the news, from The Guardian,[46] The Telegraph,[18] The Independent, and The Times[47] in the United Kingdom, the Washington Post[48] and Huffington Post[49] in the United States, and ABC News[50] and Sydney Morning Herald in Australia, as well as numerous other publications. She has been noted in library information and research services, and has been mentioned in books such as Ahmadinejad on Palestine by Dina Y. Sulaeman,[51] "Globalising Hatred: The New Antisemitism", published in 2009 by Denis MacShane,[52] "The Holocaust on Trial", published in 2002 by D. D. Guttenplan,[53] "Report on anti-semitism in Argentina, Volume 1999", published in 2003 by the Delegación de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas. Centro de Estudios Sociales,[54] and "Ahmadinejad: The Secret History of Iran's Radical Leader", published in 2008 by Kasra Naji.[55] Primarily such references are in relation to her views on holocaust denial and related subjects.
Personal views
Renouf claims not to be antisemitic on the grounds that she does not regard Judaism as genetic and criticises Christian Zionism in equivalent terms ("you don't have to be Jewish to be Jew-ish").[56] She has described Judaism as a "repugnant and hate-filled religion."[6] The European Jewish Congress quoted Renouf as telling the Tehran Holocaust denial Conference in 2006: "anti-Semitism is caused by the anti-gentile nature of Judaism".[57]
She advocates adherence to the inseparable four classical virtues, which she believes to be the basis of Western civilisation and the U.S. constitution.[58]
She now has a website for what she terms "an all round common sense campaign option for the first Jewish homeland" of Birobidjan.[59]
Criticisms
Education
Renouf has claimed her collegiate studies in Australia also involved summer schools at the Sydney campus of the National Art School, but they archive no attendance records for such events.[4] In Tehran she claimed to have been expelled for her views on Judaism from Heythrop College and officially asked to study elsewhere. This had followed her observation that the Principal of Heythrop had preached "to Jewish congregations in Reform Synagogues, that the two Biblical Covenants stand side by side. Thus, in spite of New Testament theology, Jesuits now defer to the first Covenant of the Old Testament (or Torah) between only the Chosen Children and their Jewish Godfather."[60] A critical but accurate review of Renouf took the Principal's side, producing records which proved she was failed for not submitting any work for assessment.[4]
Marriages
Renouf claimed her first husband, Daniel Ivan-Zadeh, to have been of Russian nobility. The Australian reports:
"Ivan-Zadeh had always been plain "Mr" or "Doctor" but Renouf says the family had once claimed a title through his great-uncle, so she began styling herself as Countess Griaznoff "for my charity work". No such title exists in the major lists of European noble families such as the Almanach de Gotha or Burke’s Royal Families of the World."[4]
According to Renouf this was 'media spin' and ignored the fact that, as Wikipedia's entry on the Almanach de Gotha points out, "most princely families of the Russian Empire were not included in the Gotha at all" and the Gotha is renowned for its "condescending attitude towards Eastern European nobility and royalty". The notorious anomalies of the Almanach de Gotha's position on Russia are discussed by Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia.[61]
The Griaznoff family was well known in Russian court circles for several centuries, since the time of Ivan the Terrible. The assassination of General Griaznoff in January 1906 [62] was one of the most celebrated successes of a Russian revolutionary gang which included the young Joseph Stalin. In 1921 it became the subject of the first Soviet Georgian historical film, directed by Ivan Perestiani, "The Murder of General Gryaznov".
During the fallout from her marriage to Sir Francis she had claimed her father was deceased,[19] with the occupation of hotelier,[4] on her marriage certificate.[63] According to The Australian, her father, a "retired courier driver and photographer for the Port Macquarie News said he had never owned a hotel." Renouf believed her long-estranged and terminally ill father was dead at the time of her second marriage, and put hotelier on the certificate because among many other occupations he had been part of the family business, a long established hotel at The Entrance.[4] For many years his main occupation was as an aerial photographer, and while travelling between The Entrance and his studio in Sydney he assisted friends and local businesses, acting as a courier for packages.
Involvement in Holocaust denial movements
Opponents are concerned about Renouf's role in the Holocaust denial movement. Efraim Zuroff, of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre in Jerusalem told The Australian newspaper: "This woman is especially dangerous, because she is so attractive and can put a pretty face on a very ugly movement."[4] In February 2009 she contrasted the media's treatment of "controversial" analyses of Judaism with the widespread coverage given to the film on Islam made by Dutch parliamentarian Geert Wilders.
References
- ↑ "Michèle Renouf showreel". vimeo.com. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- ↑ Walker, Peter (25 February 2009). "Profile: Richard Williamson". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
- ↑ Knowles, Nick (March 2007), "The men who are creating a new BNP ideology", Searchlight
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wilson, Peter (14 February 2009), "Lady Michele Renouf: mistress of reinvention", The Australian
- ↑ Sullivan, Martin (15 September 2008), "Not so Bright", islamophobia-watch.com
- 1 2 3 4 "Bimbo" who rattled the old buffers club. The Age, 3 December 2002.
- ↑ "Downfall of Holocaust-denying bishop", The Telegraph, 28 February 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ↑ Dining A la Carte (1988, Octopus, London) ISBN 0-7064-3063-8
- ↑ see for example E-AG dinner for King Hussein of Jordan, The Times, 21 July 1989.
- ↑ "Elma Dangerfield obituary", Independent, 24 January 2006
- ↑ "Irving Uproar", Evening Standard, 3 November 2000
- ↑ Sir Francis Renouf: an autobiography (1997, Steele Roberts, Wellington) ISBN 0-9583712-0-2
- ↑ Renouf's new Lady, Nigel Dempster, Daily Mail, 17 January 1991.
- ↑ Derwent May "A knot that ties a medieval garden with the Globe", The Times, 2 March 1996
- 1 2 3 "The Psychology of Holocaustianity", Holocaust. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ↑ "Eric Lowe Collection"
- ↑ 'Knot to be', The Times, 13 May 1997.
- 1 2 3 David Harrison "Downfall of Holocaust-denying bishop", The Sunday Telegraph, 1 March 2009
- 1 2 "This beauty's a right one".
- ↑ "David Irving's secret backers". the Guardian.
- ↑ "Renouf wins her battle to stay in Reform", Evening Standard, 9 September 2002
- ↑ "Renouf Is Thrown Out", Evening Standard, 7 May 2003
- ↑ Dowell, Ben (1 July 2011), "Johann Hari: more plagiarism allegations", The Guardian
- ↑ "Labour donor David Abrahams banned from taking beauty queen to club - because of her views on Holocaust", The Daily Mail, 15 December 2007. Archived 14 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Australian causes stir at Irving trial." Sydney Morning Herald, 21 February 2006.
- ↑ "Lady Renouf is too extreme even for the BNP", Evening Standard, 26 November 2006
- ↑ Williams, David (July 2008), "The apologist for terror and the BBC", Searchlight
- ↑ Charles Miranda "Beauty queen Lady Michele Renouf backs Holocaust denier", , The Daily Telegraph (Australia), 13 October 2008
- ↑ "Historian facing extradition", TVNZ, 18 October 2008
- ↑ "Pope readmits Holocaust-denying priest to the church", The Independent, 25 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
- ↑ The Victories of Revisionism, Teheran Conference: Holocaust Review - a Global Vision paper by Robert Faurisson
- ↑ "Holocaust Denial: A Global Survey - 2004", The Wyman Institute. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
- ↑ "Iranian Holocaust Conference Will Showcase Deniers and Anti-Semites From Around the World; ADL Urges European Leaders to Speak Out." Anti-Defamation League, 7 December 2006.
- ↑ "European Parliament host Denial and Democracy conference", Arat News and Publishing, 30 September 2009, Fiona Lorin, Roni Alasor. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
- ↑ "BEHIND ENEMY LINES IN BRUSSELS: A Victory for Revisionist Norms", Telling Films, Lady Michele Renouf, 6 October 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
- ↑ "Finkelstein-Renouf Debate: Teheran Holocaust Conference", Sahar, 18 January 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ↑ "Debate on French Presidency and New World Order", Sahar, 19 May 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ↑ Archived 15 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Lindtner & Renouf on Sahar TV: propaganda war against Iran", Sahar, 19 August 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ↑ "David Duke's European American Conference: Racists Gather in New Orleans", Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
- ↑ BPP Hold Superb St. George's Day Meeting in Hove!
- ↑ Leeds BPP Meeting a Huge Success
- ↑ "Dieudonné se redonne en spectacle douteux sous l’œil de Faurisson", Liberation. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ↑ "Cynthia McKinney's Anti-Israel Campaign", Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ↑ "Human Rights and the Privileged Veto" on YouTube. 14 February 2010. House of Lords Society Outreach, 27 January 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
- ↑ "Holocaust-denying bishop lands in UK after expulsion from Argentina". the Guardian.
- ↑ "Faith - The Times".
- ↑ http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/guestvoices/2009/02/pope_must_denounce_holocaust_d.html
- ↑ "Pope Benedict XVI's Noxious Rehabilitation of a Holocaust Denier". The Huffington Post. 4 February 2009.
- ↑ "UK 'no safe haven' for Holocaust-denying bishop". ABC News.
- ↑ Ahmadinejad on Palestine.
- ↑ Globalising Hatred.
- ↑ The Holocaust on Trial.
- ↑ Report on Anti-semitism in Argentina.
- ↑ Ahmadinejad.
- ↑ Barnes Review, January–February 2008
- ↑ http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=645
- ↑ http://www.tellingfilms.co.uk/birob/dankof-complete.mp3
- ↑ "birobidjan.co.uk".
- ↑ "Renouf, Psychology of Holocaustianity, Tehran, December 2006" (PDF).
- ↑ Romanov, Nikolai, "Chapter 1", His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Tsessarevich, Volume IV
- ↑ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E6DB103EE733A25752C3A9679C946797D6CF
- ↑ http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20943861-2702,00.html
External links
- Michèle Renouf showreel (1987-2007)
- "Demonstration for Opinion Freedom at Frankfurt Book Fair" on YouTube in 2009
- "Fredrick Töben's victory" on YouTube in 2008
- "Finkelstein-Renouf Debate: Teheran Holocaust Conference" in 2007
- "Debate on French Presidency and New World Order" in 2007 with former CIA station chief Dr. George Lambrakis
- Speech on YouTube at International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust in 2006