Microclimate

For the viticultural use of the term microclimate, see Regional climates levels in viticulture.
Microclimate on rock located in intertidal zone in Sunrise-on-Sea, South Africa

A microclimate is a local set of atmospheric conditions that differ from those of the surrounding area. Because climate is a statistic, which implies spatial and temporal variation of the mean values of the describing parametres, it is clear that within a region could occur and persist in time, sets of statiscally distinct conditions, i. e., microclimates. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square meters or square feet (for example a garden bed) or as large as many square kilometers or square miles.

Microclimates exist, for example, near bodies of water which may cool the local atmosphere, or in heav urban areas where brick, concrete, and asphalt absorb the sun's energy, heat up, and reradiate that heat to the ambient air: the resulting urban heat island is a kind of microclimate. Microclimates can be found in most places. Another place this can occur is when the ground is made of tar or concrete; because these are man-made objects, they do not take in much heat, but mainly reradiate it.

Another contributing factor of microclimate is the slope or aspect of an area. South-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere and north-facing slopes in the Southern Hemisphere are exposed to more direct sunlight than opposite slopes and are therefore warmer for longer periods of time, giving the slope a warmer microclimate than the areas around the slope.

Background

Tree ferns thrive in a protected dell area in the Lost Gardens of Heligan, in Cornwall, England, latitude 50° 15'N.

The area in a developed industrial park may vary greatly from a wooded park nearby, as natural flora in parks absorb light and heat in leaves that a building roof or parking lot just radiates back into the air. Advocates of solar energy argue that widespread use of solar collection can mitigate overheating of urban environments by absorbing sunlight and putting it to work instead of heating the foreign surface objects.

A microclimate can offer an opportunity as a small growing region for crops that cannot thrive in the broader area; this concept is often used in permaculture practiced in northern temperate climates. Microclimates can be used to the advantage of gardeners who carefully choose and position their plants. Cities often raise the average temperature by zoning, and a sheltered position can reduce the severity of winter. Roof gardening, however, exposes plants to more extreme temperatures in both summer and winter.

Tall buildings create their own microclimate, both by overshadowing large areas and by channeling strong winds to ground level. Wind effects around tall buildings are assessed as part of a microclimate study.

Microclimates can also refer to purpose-made environments, such as those in a room or other enclosure. Microclimates are commonly created and carefully maintained in museum display and storage environments. This can be done using passive methods, such as silica gel, or with active microclimate control devices.

Usually, if the inland areas have a humid continental climate, the coastal areas stay much milder during winter months, in contrast to the hotter summers. This is the case further north on the American west coast, such as in British Columbia, Canada, where Vancouver has an oceanic wet winter with rare frosts, but inland areas that average several degrees warmer in summer have cold and snowy winters.

Soil types

The type of soil found in an area can also affect microclimates. For example, soils heavy in clay can act like pavement, moderating the near ground temperature. On the other hand, if soil has many air pockets, then the heat could be trapped underneath the topsoil, resulting in the increased possibility of frost at ground level.[1]

Sources and influences on microclimate

Two main parameters to define a microclimate within a certain area are temperature and humidity. A source of a drop in temperature and/or humidity can be attributed to different sources or influences. Often microclimate is shaped by a conglomerate of different influences and is a subject of microscale meteorology.

Cold air pool

The well known examples of cold air pool (CAP) effect are Gstettneralm Sinkhole in Austria (lowest recorded temperature -53 C) [2] and Peter Sinks in the US. The main criterion on the wind speed v in order to create a warm air flow penetration into a CAP is the following:


\mathrm{Fr} = \frac{v}{Nh} \geq \mathrm{Fr}_c,

where \mathrm{Fr} is the Froude number, N --- the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, h --- depth of the valley, and \mathrm{Fr}_c --- Froude number at the threshold wind speed.[3]

Craters

The presence of permafrost close to the surface in a crater creates a unique microclimate environment.[4]

Caves and lava tubes

As similar as lava tubes can be to caves which are not formed due to volcanic activity the microclimate within the former is different due to dominant presence of basalt. Lava tubes and basaltic caves are important astrobiological targets on Earth and Mars (see also Martian lava tube).

Plant microclimate

As pointed out by Rudolf Geiger in his book [5] not only climate influences the living plant but the opposite effect of the interaction of plants on their environment can also take place, and is known as plant climate.

Dams

Artificial reservoirs as well as natural ones create microclimates and often influence the macroscopic climate as well.

Cities and regions known for microclimates

Americas

Europe

Asia and Oceania

References

  1. Gardening Resources, Cornell University
  2. Microclimate, www.wetter-freizeit.com, in German.
  3. J. Racovec et al. Turbulent dissipation of the cold-air pool in a basin: comparison of observed and simulated development. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 79, 195-213 (2002).
  4. Permafrost in Hawaii, NASA Astrobiology Institute, 2010
  5. R. Geiger. The climate near the ground. Harvard University Press, 1957.
  6. "Climate Of California". Wrcc.dri.edu. Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  7. "Calgary’s Gardening Climate". Scarboro.ca. 2008-05-05. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  8. http://extension.umd.edu/learn/august-ornamental-plant-tips
  9. http://www.cbf.org/about-the-bay/more-than-just-the-bay
  10. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/iss_pub/46/
  11. Potter, Robert B.; Khadija Darmame; Nasim Barham; Stephen Nortcliff (2008). "‘‘Ever-growing Amman’’, Jordan: Urban expansion, social polarisation and contemporary urban planning issues" (PDF). Habitat International (www.journals.elsevier.com/habitat-international) 33: 81–92. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.05.005. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  12. "Sydney/Kingsford-Smith International Airport". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  13. "Penrith". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  14. Sydney’s Climate
  15. "Badgerys Creek AWS". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 19 January 2014.

External links

Look up microclimate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

See also

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