Midras uncleanness

Woman in niddah state standing on elevator rug using her full body weight, thereby rendering the rug a "midras tmeiah" (unpure midras)

The term midras uncleanness (טומאת מדרס) or pressure uncleanness^[1] is used for uncleanness transmitted by either an object or person in Judaism.

In terms of ritual purity in Judaism a midras (lit. "trampled on" object) is a Hebrew term used to denote an object that can be a carrier of ritual impurity. Common objects that could potentially become unclean, and become a such midras object, include a chair, sofa, mattress, and rug. Once a person becomes unclean, he or she is categorized as a "father of uncleanliness".

A niddah hut (Mergem Gogo) at the Jewish village of Ambober in northern Ethiopia, 1976. Beta Israeli women left their homes and stayed at the hut during menstruation, until they could immerse at the river and return home.

Hebrew Bible

The general concept of a midras, an object becoming a carrier for uncleanliness, is brought in the book of Leviticus, though the following verse does not employ the Hebrew term midras;

And he that sitteth on [any] thing whereon he sat that hath the issue shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the even.

— Leviticus 15:5, KJV 1611

Becoming unclean

According to Maimonides on Zavim 4:4, the midras object becomes unclean by a person who is a "father of uncleanliness" (such as a man with a seminal emission or a woman in the middle of menstruation) putting most of their body weight in one (or more) of five ways on the midras;

1. sitting on the midras like a chair
2. lying on the midras like a rug
3. leaning on the midras
4. standing on the midras like a mat
5. hanging from the midras

Transmitting uncleanliness

Once the midras becomes unclean, it transmits uncleanliness to clean persons or objects by one of seven ways;

1. by touching the midras
2. by carrying the midras
3. by sitting on the midras
4. by lying on the midras
5. by leaning on the midras
6. by standing on the midras
7. by hanging from the midras

The person or object who becomes unclean via the midras is categorized as a Rishon L'Tumah.

Purification

The purification of the midras object is accomplished by immersing the object in a bath (before sunset), and the subsequent elapse of sunset.

Disqualified objects

Objects that are not subject to becoming unclean as midras include;

1. Unformed plates of Terracotta,
2. Any object or vessel of stone,
3. Fabric or vessels made from fish (or any sea-life)
4. Objects or vessels affixed to the ground

References

1. Jacob Neusner (2005). Is Scripture the origin of the Halakhah?. p. 141. The pertinent classification of uncleanness called Midras- or pressure-uncleanness pertains only to objects that ordinarily are used to bear weight or pressure, that is, beds and chairs and things analogous to them