Twelve Minor Prophets

"Twelve Prophets" redirects here. For the sculpture, see Twelve Prophets of Aleijadinho.

The Minor Prophets or Twelve Prophets (Aramaic: תרי עשר‎, Trei Asar, "The Twelve"), occasionally Book of the Twelve, is the last book of the Nevi'im, the second main division of the Jewish Tanakh. The collection is broken up to form twelve individual books in the Christian Old Testament, one for each of the prophets. The terms "minor prophets" and "twelve prophets" can also refer to the twelve traditional authors of these works.

The term "Minor" relates to the length of each book (ranging from a single chapter to fourteen); even the longest is short compared to the three major prophets, Isaiah, Ezekiel and Jeremiah. It is not known when these short works were collected and transferred to a single scroll, but the first extra-biblical evidence we have for the Twelve as a collection is c. 190 BCE in the writings of Jesus ben Sirach,[1] and evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls suggests that the modern order was established by 150 BCE.[2] It is believed that initially the first six were collected, and later the second six were added; the two groups seem to complement each other, with Hosea through Micah raising the question of iniquity, and Nahum through Malachi proposing resolutions.[3]

Orders of books


Composition

Many, though not all, modern scholars agree that the editing process which produced the Book of the Twelve reached its final form in Jerusalem during the Achaemenid period (538–332 BCE), although there is disagreement over whether this was early or late.[4] Scholars usually assume that there exists an original core of prophetic tradition behind each book which can be attributed to the figure after whom it is named.[5] The noteworthy exception is the Book of Jonah, an anonymous work containing no prophetic oracles, probably composed in the Hellenistic period (332–167 BCE).[6]

In general, each book includes three types of material:

The comparison of different ancient manuscripts indicates that the order of the individual books was originally fluid. The arrangement found in current Bibles is roughly chronological. First come those prophets dated to the early Assyrian period: Hosea, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah; Joel is undated, but it was possibly placed before Amos because parts of a verse near the end of Joel (3.16 [4.16 in Hebrew]) and one near the beginning of Amos (1.2) are identical. Also we can find in both Amos (4.9 and 7.1–3) and Joel a description of a plague of locusts. These are followed by prophets that are set in the later Assyrian period: Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. Last come those set in the Persian period: Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. However it is important to note that chronology was not the only consideration, as "It seems that an emphatic focus on Jerusalem and Judah was [also] a main concern.[1] For example, Obadiah is generally understood as reflecting the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE.[8] and would therefore fit later in a purely chronological sequence.

Christian commemoration

In the Roman Catholic Church, the twelve minor prophets are read in the Lectionary during the fourth and fifth weeks of November, which are the last two weeks of the liturgical year. They are collectively commemorated in the Calendar of saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 31.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Zvi 2004, pp. 1139–42
  2. ↑ Redditt 2003, p. 1.
  3. ↑ Coggins & Han 2011, p. 4.
  4. ↑ Redditt 2003, pp. 1–3, 9.
  5. ↑ Floyd 2000, p. 9.
  6. ↑ Dell 1996, pp. 86–89.
  7. ↑ Coogan 2009.
  8. ↑ Ben Zvi 2004, pp. 1193–94.

Further reading

Preceded by
Ezekiel		 Hebrew Bible Followed by
Psalms
Preceded by
Daniel		 Christian Old Testament End of Old Testament
New Testament begins with
Matthew
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